chapter 7a to pp 8 unit 2 first sac

Question 1

social cognition

Answer 1

how we interrupt, analyze and remember and use the information to make judgments about others

Question 2

person perception

Answer 2

mental processes we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people

Question 3

schema

Answer 3

our pre-existing mental ideas relating to a concept that helps us organise and interpret information

Question 4

factors that influence a person’s perception

Answer 4

physical cues, body language, and social categorization

Question 5

halo effect

Answer 5

the impression we form about one quality of a person influences our beliefs and expectations about the person in other categories

Question 6

body language

Answer 6

non-verbal communication through gestures, facial expressions

Question 7

saliency detection

Answer 7

we notice the most noticeable characteristics compared to its surroundings

Question 8

social categorization

Answer 8

the process of identifying a person as a member of the certain group because of features they share

Question 9

attribution

Answer 9

the process by which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behavior

Question 10

personal attribution

Answer 10

explanation due to the characteristics of the person, such as personality, ability, mood

Question 11

situational attribution

Answer 11

explanation due factors external to the person involved, such as the actions of another person, the environment

Question 12

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 12

tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors on other people’s behavior

Question 13

Actor-observer bias

Answer 13

our tendency to attribute our own behavior to external or situational causes, yet attribute others’ behavior to internal factors

Question 14

self-serving bias

Answer 14

When judging ourselves we tend to take the credit for our successes and attribute failures to situational factors

Question 15

attitude

Answer 15

evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue

Question 16

the affective component of an attitude

Answer 16

refers to the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue

Question 17

the behavioral component of an attitude

Answer 17

the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions

Question 18

the cognitive component of an attitude

Answer 18

beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue

Question 19

consistent attitude

Answer 19

you might avoid a spider (B) because you are scared of spiders (A) and believe they can harm you (C)

Question 20

inconsistent attitude

Answer 20

a person may dislike watching cricket (A) because they believe it is boring (C) but they go to a game because their friend plays cricket (B)

Question 21

Limitation of the Tri-component model

Answer 21

People’s attitudes and behaviors can be inconsistent

Question 22

stereotypes

Answer 22

a collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group

Question 23

stereotypes as helpful

Answer 23

Stereotyping lets us use less information about someone to determine what we think about them, and thus makes using certain thinking and decision-making skills a lot faster

Question 24

stereotyping as harmful

Answer 24

can lead to stigma, often based on no evidence, ignores individuality

Question 25

ingroup

Answer 25

any group you belong to or identify with

Question 26

outgroup

Answer 26

any group you do not belong to or identify with

Question 27

cognitive dissonance

Answer 27

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

Question 28

how to reduce cognitive dissonance

Answer 28

change cognition, change behaviour, add new cognition

Question 29

cognitive bias

Answer 29

errors in thinking that lead us to misinterpret the information we perceive around us

Question 30

anchoring bias

Answer 30

a tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information

Question 31

attentional bias

Answer 31

tendency to pay attention to some things and ignore others, thereby limiting our option

Question 32

confirmation bias

Answer 32

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 33

Dunning-Kruger Effect

Answer 33

The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability.

Question 34

heuristics

Answer 34

Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that help us quickly make decisions

Question 35

availability heuristic

Answer 35

making a judgment based on how easy or difficult it is to bring specific examples to mind

Question 36

representativeness heuristic

Answer 36

categorising a person, object, event or anything else by judging how closely it matches our idea of a typical member of the category

Question 37

affect heuristic

Answer 37

mental shortcut based on a person's current emotional state. Essentially, your affect (emotional response) plays a role in your decisions and behaviour

Question 38

positives of heuristics

Answer 38

People typically use heuristics to avoid exerting too much mental energy

Question 39

negatives of heuristics

Answer 39

when we are not motivated to make judgements or decisions effortfully, they might rely instead on automatic heuristic responses and, in doing so, risk propagating stereotypes

Question 40

prejudice

Answer 40

A negative feeling toward an entire category of people.

Question 41

discrimination

Answer 41

negative behavior that is directed toward a social group and its members

Question 42

stereotype v prejudice v discrimination

Answer 42

stereotype - thought prejudice - feeling discrimination - behaviour

Question 43

reducing prejudice

Answer 43

intergroup contact and changing social norms

Question 44

intergroup contact

Answer 44

increasing direct contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each othe

Question 45

factors of intergroup contact

Answer 45

sustained contact, mutual interdependence, shared goal, equality of status

Question 46

changing social norms

Answer 46

Prejudice and discrimination flourish when they are perceived as a social norm or shared value, but they die out when other social norms oppose them

Question 47

heuristic v bias

Answer 47

a heuristic is a mental shortcut whereas a bias is an error in thinking. They both can increase stereotyping and stigma

Question 48

influence of media on behavior

Answer 48

social connections and social comparison

Question 49

the positive influence of social connections

Answer 49

the increase in social media use has positively influenced communication and supported social networking opportunities for individuals and professional groups

Question 50

the negative influence of social connections

Answer 50

social media and video games make it more difficult to distinguish between the meaningful relationships that are made in the real world and the casual relationships that are formed through social network

Question 51

the positive influence of social comparison

Answer 51

gives u s a way to determine whether we are on track

Question 52

the negative influence of social comparison

Answer 52

can compare behavior according to an unrealistic standard and subsequently develop low self-esteem

Question 53

upward social comparison

Answer 53

comparing to someone who we feel is above us to inspire us