sac 2 revsion

Question 1

neurons

Answer 1

individual nerve cells that receive, process and/or transmits information to other cells

Question 2

sensory neurons

Answer 2

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

motor neurons

Answer 3

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Question 4

3 main areas of the brain

Answer 4

hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

Question 5

3 structures of the hindbrain

Answer 5

medulla poms and cerebullem

Question 6

medulla

Answer 6

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing (hindbrain)

Question 7

pons

Answer 7

involved in sleep, dreaming and arousal from sleep (hindbrain)

Question 8

cerebellum

Answer 8

Balance and coordination (hindbrain)

Question 9

midbrain

Answer 9

connects the lower and upper structures of the brain, helps orient us

Question 10

reticular formation

Answer 10

helps screen incoming information so as not to overload the brain, helps regulates arousal and muscle tone

Question 11

3 structures of the forebrain

Answer 11

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 12

cerebrum

Answer 12

responsible for almost everything we consciously think, feel and do (forebrain)

Question 13

hypothalamus-helps hoemastis

Answer 13

a vital role in maintaining homeostasis through regulating the release of hormones and behaviours associated with basic needs

Question 14

thalamus

Answer 14

filters information from almost all the sense receptor sites , then passes it to relevant areas of the brain for further processing (forebrain)

Question 15

left hemispheric specialization

Answer 15

verbal, logic and reasoning

Question 16

right hemispheric specialization

Answer 16

non verbal, visual thinking, recognizing faces

Question 17

4 lobes of the brain

Answer 17

frontal, parietal, temporal, occiptal

Question 18

frontal lobe

Answer 18

associated with reasoning, planning, movement

Question 19

primary motor cortex

Answer 19

the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement

Question 20

broca’s area

Answer 20

controls language expression - an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Question 21

parietal lobe

Answer 21

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch and sensation

Question 22

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 22

the region of the parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

Question 23

temporal lobe

Answer 23

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and understanding language

Question 24

primary auditory cortex

Answer 24

the region of the temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system

Question 25

Wernicke's area

Answer 25

a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; located in the left temporal lobe

Question 26

occipital lobe

Answer 26

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

Question 27

primary visual cortex

Answer 27

the region of the occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system

Question 28

Synaptogenesis

Answer 28

formation of new synapses

Question 29

synaptic pruning

Answer 29

a process whereby the synaptic connections that are not used are lost

Question 30

sudden onset brain injury

Answer 30

occurs abruptly (blow to the head, car accident, etc.)

Question 31

insidious onset brain injury

Answer 31

gradually develops over time (tumour, Parkinson's)

Question 32

acquired brain injury

Answer 32

Brain damage that occurs as a result of injury or physical trauma to the brain after birth

Question 33

traumatic brain injury

Answer 33

A type of ABI caused by a blow to the head, or by the head moving forwards and backwards rapidly

Question 34

broca's aphasia

Answer 34

causes the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, mispronounce words

Question 35

wernicke's aphasia

Answer 35

causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

Question 36

brain plasticity

Answer 36

The capacity for the brain to alter its structure and function

Question 37

Rerouting

Answer 37

an undamaged neuron that has lost a connection with an active neuron may seek a new active neuron and connect with it instead

Question 38

sprouting

Answer 38

the growth of additional branches on axons or dendrites to enable new connections

Question 39

long term potentiation

Answer 39

gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

Question 40

long term depression

Answer 40

the long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission

Question 41

ways to maximize brain function

Answer 41

mental stimulation, diet, exercise

Question 42

symptoms of a stroke

Answer 42

Face, Arms, Speech, Time (FAST) face droopiness

Question 43

epilepsy

Answer 43

neurological disorder that causes sudden, intense bursts of brain activity, resulting in seizures

Question 44

typical symptoms of epilepsy

Answer 44

convulsions accompanied by, foaming at the mouth, and loss of body functions.

Question 45

risks associated with epilepsy

Answer 45

seizures over 5 minutes, seizures can occur at dangerous times

Question 46

diagnosing epilepsy

Answer 46

an EEG can detect abnormal brain waves, MRI and CT scan can identify affected brain regions

Question 47

treatment of epilepsy

Answer 47

antiepileptic drugs, surgery to remove affected areas

Question 48

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

Answer 48

a progressive, degenerative condition involving brain damage resulting from multiple episodes of head trauma

Question 49

typical victims of cte

Answer 49

contact sports stars, domestic violence victims, army personnel are more likely to be diagnosed

Question 50

CTE stage 1

Answer 50

headache, loss of attention and irritability

Question 51

CTE stage 2

Answer 51

rage, impulsivity, depression

Question 52

CTE stage 3

Answer 52

executive dysfunction, cognitive impairment

Question 53

CTE stage 4

Answer 53

dementia, word-finding difficulty, aggression

Question 54

CTE biological markers

Answer 54

a build-up of tau proteins which prevent neurons from staying alive and functioning properly

Question 55

diagnosis of CTE

Answer 55

CTE cannot currently be conclusively detected while the person is alive, can only be diagnosed with autopsy after death

Question 56

treatment of CTE

Answer 56

no current cure, most treatment aims at improving behavioural and cognitive function, medication can help

Question 57

prevention of CTE

Answer 57

the simplest way to prevent CTE is to prevent trauma to the head