last sac of term 3

Question 1

perceptual distortions

Answer 1

errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perceptual process

Question 2

Sensation

Answer 2

the physical Detection and response to sensory information vie sensory receptors.

Question 3

Perception

Answer 3

The cognitive detection of stimuli. assigning meaning to incoming sensory information.

Question 4

Interpretation

Answer 4

The process of assigning meaning to incoming sensory information so that it can be understood.

Question 5

Retina

Answer 5

A layer of neural tissue at the back of the eye that receives and absorbs light, and processes images for transmission to the brain.

Question 6

Visual perception principle

Answer 6

‘Rule’ applied to visual information to assist organization and interpretation of the information in consistent and meaningful ways.

Question 7

Gestalt principle of visual perception

Answer 7

Organizing the features of a visual scene to perceive a whole, complete form.

Question 8

Figure-ground

Answer 8

figure-ground is dividing a visual scene into a ‘figure’, which stands out from the ‘ground’, which is its surroundings.

Question 9

Closure

Answer 9

The perceptual tendency to mentally ‘close up’, fill in, or ignore gaps in a visual image, and to perceive objects as complete/Whole.

Question 10

Similarity

Answer 10

The tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features, such as size, shape, texture or color, as belonging together in a unit, group or ‘whole’

Question 11

Proximity

Answer 11

The tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that are positioned close together as belonging together in a group.

Question 12

Depth perception

Answer 12

The ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions.

Question 13

Depth cue

Answer 13

Source of information from the environment (external cue) or from within the body (internal cue) that assists perception of how far away objects are and therefore perceive depth, often classified as binocular or monocular.

Question 14

Binocular depth cue

Answer 14

A depth (or distance) perception cue requiring the use of both eyes.

Question 15

Convergence

Answer 15

A binocular visual perception depth cue involving the inward turning of the eyes to focus on nearby objects.

Question 16

Retinal disparity

Answer 16

A binocular visual perception depth cue based on the difference (disparity) of the retinal images.

Question 17

Monocular depth cue

Answer 17

A depth perception cue requiring the use of only one eye.

Question 18

Accommodation

Answer 18

In visual perception, a depth cue involving the automatic focusing of the lens in the eye to adjust shape in response to changes in the distance of view from an object.

Question 19

Perceptual constancies

Answer 19

the tendency to perceive an object as remaining stable and unchanging despite any changes that may occur to the image cast on the retina.

Question 20

Size constancy

Answer 20

Recognizing that an object’s actual size remains the same, even though the size of the image it casts on the retina changes.

Question 21

Shape constancy

Answer 21

The tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any changes in the shape of the image on the retina.

Question 22

Orientation constancy

Answer 22

the ability to perceive the actual orientation of objects despite variations in the orientation of its retinal image

Question 23

Perceptual set

Answer 23

The predisposition to perceive something in accordance with expectations of what it is. Our perceptual set is shaped by our culture, which causes us to see the world in a particular way.

Question 24

Context

Answer 24

The setting situation or environment in which an event occurs; in visual perception, the setting in which a perception is made.

Question 25

Motivation

Answer 25

Processes within us which activate behavior that we direct towards achieving a particular goal.

Question 26

memory

Answer 26

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 27

Past experience

Answer 27

Personal experiences throughout an individual's life, including everything that is learned intentionally and unintentionally through experience.

Question 28

selective attention

Answer 28

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

Question 29

Visual illusion

Answer 29

A perceptual misinterpretation of real sensory information whenever that sensory information is viewed.

Question 30

Synaesthesia

Answer 30

A percetual experience in which stimulation of one sense produces additional unusual experiences in another sense.

Question 31

What are the Gestalt principles?

Answer 31

Figure-ground Closure Similarity Proximity

Question 32

What are the depth cues?

Answer 32

Binocular: convergence & retinal disparity Monocular: Accommodation

Question 33

What are the perceptual constancies?

Answer 33

Size, shape and brightness

Question 34

Perceptual set - factors

Answer 34

Context, motivation, memory and past experience

Question 35

Müller-Lyer Illusion

Answer 35

A visual illusion in which one of the two lines of equal length, each which has opposite shaped ends, is incorrectly perceived as being longer than the other.

Question 36

Feathertail

Answer 36

line causes our eyes to turn outward, causing less muscle tension and making it look farther (and therefore longer)

Question 37

carpentered-world hypothesis

Answer 37

attempt to explain the muller-lyer illusion in terms of the cultural experience of living in a carpentered, right-angled world like our own

Question 38

apparent distance theory

Answer 38

if two objects cast the same-size retinal image, but one is perceived to be further way, we interpret the distant object as being larger because of past experience and memory (top-down processing). Misapplication of size constancy.

Question 39

arrowhead

Answer 39

line causes our eyes to turn inward, causing muscle tension and the perception of it being closer

Question 40

Spinning Dancer Illusion

Answer 40

a visual illusion in which the silhouette of a female dancer can be interpreted as spinning either clockwise or anti-clockwise

Question 41

bistable perception

Answer 41

the ability to perceive more than one interpretation of a single stimulus, but only one at a time

Question 42

spatial neglect

Answer 42

a tendency to ignore the left side of the body or the left side of objects

Question 43

fallibility

Answer 43

the tendency to make mistakes or be wrong

Question 44

sustained attention

Answer 44

the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

Question 45

divided attention

Answer 45

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

Question 46

top-down processing

Answer 46

the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole

Question 47

Bottom-up processing

Answer 47

is the processing of sensory information beginning with salient sensory date

Question 48

salient

Answer 48

Prominent, most noticeable feature compared to it's environment

Question 49

automatic cognitive processes

Answer 49

Mental activity that happens involuntarily, sometimes without the person's awareness.

Question 50

controlled cognitive processes

Answer 50

intentional, requires attention, deliberate effort

Question 51

Schema

Answer 51

a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world

Question 52

retinal image

Answer 52

The image of an object that is projected on the retina. Its size increases with the size of that object and decreases with the object's distance from the eye.

Question 53

ambiguous

Answer 53

open to more than one interpretation