Chapter 7A Vocab Flashcards
(39 cards)
The persistence of learning overtime through the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
The processing of information into the memory system – for example by extracting meaning
Encoding
The retention of encoded information overtime
Storage
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Retrieval
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Sensory memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of the phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
Short-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Long-term memory
A new understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual – spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Working memory
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions.
Parallel processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such a space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings
Automatic processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Effortful processing
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in conscious or to encode it for storage
Rehearsal
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice
Spacing effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first terms in a list
Serial position effect
The encoding of picture images
Visual encoding
The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
Acoustic encoding
The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
Semantic encoding
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Imagery
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Mnemonics
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Chunking
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds in words can still be recalled within three or four seconds
Echoic memory
An increase in synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Long term potentiation
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Flashbulb memory
