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MIP 342 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Where do B cells develop (two answers)

A

Bone marrow, bursa of fabricus

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2
Q

What stem cell do both B and T come from and what are the most recent stem cell names

A

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC); B cells CLP (common lymphocyte progenitor); T cells ETP (early T-lineage precurspr)

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3
Q

What rearrangement occurs to be considered Pro-B

A

DJ heavy

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4
Q

What rearrangement occurs to be considered Pre-B

A

VDJ heavy

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5
Q

What rearrangement occurs to be considered immature B

A

VJ light chains

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6
Q

What is needed to be considered mature B

A
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7
Q

What are the two roles of stromal cells in B cell development

A

Keep progenitor cells in bone marrow and help them differentiate

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8
Q

List the steps for CLP to Pre-B Cell

A

1) CXCL12 from bone marrow, CXCR4 on CLP
2) VCAM-1 bone marrow, VLA-4 CLP
3) Stem Cell Factor (SCF) on bone marrow, C-kit in cell –> upregulates IL-7R receptors
4) IL7R bind to IL-7 (always being made by bone marrow)
5) Upregulates Igalpha and beta, RAG1+2 genes (responsible for VDJ gene rearrangement)

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9
Q

What three events does the Pre-B cell receptor signal –> binding unknown ligand

A

1) Stop heavy chain rearrangement
2) Start proliferation
3) Light chain VDJ rearrangement

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10
Q

What are the four fates of Immature B Cells

A

1) Clonal deletion = strong response to self –> apoptosis
2) Anergy (weak response) –> changed
3) Ignorance (tiny antigen activates)
4) Maturation

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11
Q

Where does positive selection occur for T cells

A

In the cortex

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12
Q

Where does negative selection occur for T cells

A

In the medulla

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13
Q

List the steps of T Cell development

A

1) Notch-1 cytokine from epithelial cells, Notch1R on ETP
2) Upregulates expression of CD3, which triggers beta chain gene rearrangement
3) Pre-TCR has surrogate alpha chain and beta chain

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14
Q

What does the Pre TCR signal?

A
  • Stop beta chain gene rearrangement at other allele
  • Proliferation
  • Start alpha chain gene rearrangement
  • All progeny are double positive
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15
Q

What selection changes T cells from double positive to single positive

A

Positive selection

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16
Q

What gene controls the expression of peripheral proteins not normally found in the thymus

A

AIRE

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17
Q

What are the three major peripheral lymphoid tissues

A

1) Spleen
2) Lymph Nodes
3) Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

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18
Q

What collects antigen from the blood and is involved in protection against blood-borne pathogens

A

SPleen

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19
Q

What is in the white pulp of spleen and what is in the red pulp

A

White pulp = lymphocytes; red pulp = destruction of red blood cells

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20
Q

In what region is the high endothelial venule located in the lymph nodes

A

Paracortex

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21
Q

What is located in the cortex of the lymph nodes

A
  • B cells
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22
Q

What is located in the medulla of the lymph nodes

A

Plasma cells

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23
Q

What is located in the paracortex of the lymph nodes

A

T cells and antigen presenting cells

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24
Q

What tissue collects antigen from mucosa

A

MALT

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25
How do lymphocytes enter MALT
HEV
26
What characteristic do M cells have
microfolds, lots of surface area
27
Elimination of autoreactive T and B cells in the central lymphoid tissues
Central tolerance
28
Elimination of autoreactive T and B cells in the periphery
Peripheral tolerance
29
What happens to a multivalent self antigen reactive lymphocyte in the periphery
deletion
30
What happens to a small soluble weak self antigen reactive lymphocyte in the periphery
anergy
31
What additional fates can T cells have in the periphery
- receive the death signal by FasL (example: eye) to kill rogue T cells that enter this site - controlled by T regulatory cells
32
Cell-mediated immunity is considering which type of lymphocytes
T cells
33
What are the four main functions of effector T cells
1) directly kill infected cells (CTLs) 2) Hyperactivate macrophages 3) Help B and CD8 T cells get activated 4) Help cells that degranulate (mast cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils)
34
List the route of T cells finding their antigen
heart --> spleen --> lymph nodes --> thoracic duct --> right/left subclavian veins
35
How to T cells not activated by antigen exit the lymph node
Cortical sinuses
36
List the four stages of entry into the lymph node
1) rolling 2) integrin activation 3) adhesion 4) diapedesis
37
List the steps of keeping the T cell in the lymph node
1) L-selectin (CD62L) binds to GlyCam1 on HEV 2) CCR7 bind CCL21 --> causes confirmational change of LFA-1 to high affinity 3) LFA-1 binds ICAM1
38
Name the molecule that helps T cells exit a lymph node
S1P
39
Conventional (phagocytoses) and plasmacytoid (makes copious amounts of IFN1) are two types of what cell
dendritic
40
Where are dendritic cells found
underneath epithelium of mucosa and skin
41
Do immature dendritic cells express high or low levels of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules
low
42
Do immature dendritic cells express high or low levels of PRR/phagocytic receptors
high
43
What are the three molecules packaged within cytotoxic granules
perforin (forms pore), granzyme (apoptosis), granulysin (disrupts membranes)
44
- Better lysosome fusion with phagosomes - Better antigen presentation - CD40 expression - Secretes IL-12 - Make TNF-alpha (inflammation)
Macrophages activated by Th1
45
Which cell will stain positive for CD19 PE
B Cells
46
Which cell will stain positive for CD3 FITC
T Cells
47
How do isotypes work flow cytometry
Antibodies labeled with same markers that do not recognize anything set the lines for the readings
48
What is a thymus-dependent antigen
requires T cell help to activate (mainly)
49
What is a thymus-independent antigen
does not need T cell help to activate B cell --> usually no isotype switch, large
50
What is linked recognition
B cells and T cells do not have to recognize same antigen, can activate each other and target same virus/bacteria
51
Where do B cells go after being activated in the lymph node
1) Medulla --> make early IgM 2) Primary follicles which become secondary follicles with germinal centers in the cortex
52
What two things happen to B cells in the germinal centers
1) somatic hypermutations (point) 2) isotype switching/class switching
53
What is IgM best at
- complement activation (pentamer/complement cascade)
54
Where is IgG found/what is it best at?
Main Ab in blood over time - jack of all trades - opsonization, complement activation, neutralization
55
What is IgE commonly bound to and what is it good at
Mast cells and exocytosis
56
What is IgA best at?
Neutralization (coats to prevent bad things from binding to you)
57
What binds two IgA together and what becomes the secretory component
J chain, the poly-Ig receptor
58
What are the two main roles of the secretory component
- protects the unborn (IgG across the placenta using Fc portion attaches to transport protein) - protection of newborn by passing IgA through breastmilk (colostrum)
59
Why is IgG everywhere
Carried by mast cells which are found underneath the skin and vasculature
60
What two conditions does C1q have to meet to be activated
Must bind Fc portions of at least two antibodies
61
What types of cells have Fc recepors
Innate phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells
62
The Fc receptors and antibodies bound to antigen must be ____ to be destroyed
aggregated
63
Fc specificity where free antibody alone will not activate something is
high avidity
64
opsonization is
coating with complement (C3b) along with Fc activation --> degredation by phagocytosis and lysosomes
65
ADCC
The Fc portions of antibodies are recognized by NK, triggers apoptosis in same way CTLs work
66
Degranulation
Fc portion causes exocytosis, release enzymes through lysosomes

MIP 342 (3 decks)

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