Chapter 8

Question 1

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 1

Tentative statement about relationship between two or more variable

Question 2

What is hypothesis testing?

Answer 2

tests whether hypothesis provides plausible explanation for experimental findings

Question 3

What is proof of contradiction?

Answer 3

Proposing null hypothesis and then providing evidence that supports the rejection of the null hypothesis to support Ha

Question 4

What is the concept of rationale (longer explanation okay if you don’t memorize but know it)

Answer 4

It is impossible to say with complete certainty that an effect in a experimental condition is due to a particular cause, never possible to rule out or control for extraneous variable

Question 5

What is the closest a researcher can come to proving an effect?

Answer 5

Claim outcome is reliable with a small margin of error

Question 6

What is step one in setting up hypothesis testing?

Answer 6

Research hypothesis

Question 7

What is step two in setting up hypothesis testing?

Answer 7

Null hypothesis and alternative are stated

Question 8

What is step 3 in sett ing up ht?

Answer 8

Descriptions of variables being tested

Question 9

What is step four in setting up ht?

Answer 9

Description of pop of interest and how it is represented in experiment

Question 10

What is step 5 in setting up ht?

Answer 10

Identification of experimental group and control

Question 11

What is step 6 in setting up ht?

Answer 11

Statement definition of how results are to be measured

Question 12

The core logic of hypothesis testing is built around the concept of

Answer 12

Proof by contradiction

Question 13

The null hypothesis is stated so as to be _________ to the alternative hypothesis.

Answer 13

complementary

Question 14

What is the scientific method?

Answer 14

Model for conducting research

Question 15

What are the steps for the scientific method?

Answer 15

Question, research, hypothesis, test hypothesis, analyze and draw conclusions, communicate results

Question 16

Constructing a testable hypothesis is one step in the ______ _______

Answer 16

Scientific method

Question 17

What are competing hypotheses?

Answer 17

different potential explanations for phenomenon tested against each other

Question 18

What are the two competing hypotheses?

Answer 18

Null and Alternative

Question 19

What is the null hypothesis?

Answer 19

Statement about a population parameter assumed to be true unless there is convincing evidence to the contrary

Question 20

What is the core logic of hypothesis testing?

Answer 20

Null

Question 21

What does the null hypothesis state?

Answer 21

Expected difference btw groups being compared is not there

Question 22

What is the alternative hypothesis ?

Answer 22

directly contradictory to null

Question 23

What does the alternative summarize?

Answer 23

expected or predicted outcome of investigation at hand

Question 24

What is the alternative also called?

Answer 24

Research hypothesis

Question 25

What happens if the null and alternative are compared together?

Answer 25

They represent mutually exclusive outcomes

Question 26

What is actually being tested in an experiment?

Answer 26

The null

Question 27

The purpose of hypothesis testing is to establish the truth of the research hypothesis. (t/F)

Answer 27

False

Question 28

What are the 3 elements of a testable hypothesis?

Answer 28

Identifies groups being compared, specifies level of measurement to be used, states direction of effect in terms of DV

Question 29

What is the alternative hypothesis (in terms of stating)?

Answer 29

Completely stated, measurable outcomes spells out precisely what differences are to be expected and found between groups

Question 30

Why is directionality important?

Answer 30

Determines whether tests of significance is one or two tailed

Question 31

What does a directional hypothesis state?

Answer 31

One measure will be more or less than comparison measure (direction of expected diff.)

Question 32

What does a non-directional hypothesis state?

Answer 32

two measure will be diff from each other, not a direction

Question 33

What are the majority of real-world hypotheses?

Answer 33

Non-directional

Question 34

What is an experimental study?

Answer 34

Introduction or manipulation of IV, while measures on DV are observed (active manipulation. of IV)

Question 35

Should the hypothesis be broad or specific?

Answer 35

Specific to get best results (what is expected result, what is manipulated, what expected change is, how it is to be measured)

Question 36

What is a non-experimental study?

Answer 36

Pre-existing differences not controlled differences

Question 37

How is the alternative usually stated?

Answer 37

Action statement and a complete sentence

Question 38

What is the difference between an experimental and non-experimental study?

Answer 38

In an experimental study the IV is actively manipulated while in a non-experimental study the IV is not actively manipulated.

Question 39

Can you put no difference as the null for directional?

Answer 39

No, you should predict direction

Question 40

Is it null or not? Statement chart

Answer 40

Alternative: not equal to k: Ha: u ‡ k ... less than k: Ha: u< k greater than k: Ha:u> k Null: equal to k: Ho: u = k greater than or equal to k: Ho: u≥ k less than or equal to k: Ho: u <- k

Question 41

Does the null ever have <>

Answer 41

No, always have to have the line underneath

Question 42

Given the statement, H1: µ1 > µ2, what is the correct null hypothesis?

Answer 42

H0: µ1 ≤ µ2

Question 43

Given a research hypothesis that the average test score of students in online class sections will be different from the average test score of students in classroom-based sections, identify the correct null hypothesis:

Answer 43

H0: µ1 = µ2

Question 44

The null hypothesis is considered as the ______ outcome.

Answer 44

No effect

Question 45

What is the comparison distribution?

Answer 45

Results of the study are compared, represents when the null is true, baseline

Question 46

What does the comparison distribution allow?

Answer 46

determine reliability from a single measure or change as a result of experimental treatment

Question 47

What is the function of the comparison distribution?

Answer 47

It provides the statistical distribution to which the results of a study are to be compared.

Question 48

The appropriate comparison distribution for comparing an individual score to a known population parameter is a distribution of sample means. (t/f)

Answer 48

False

Question 49

The appropriate comparison distribution to use when comparing a sample mean to a known population mean is a distribution of ______.

Answer 49

means

Question 50

What is the cutoff score?

Answer 50

critical value that marks certain areas of comparison distribution to reference for tests of significance

Question 51

what is the significance level represented by?

Answer 51

Alpha (.05 or .01)

Question 52

If it is a two tailed test what do you do to alpha?

Answer 52

divide it in half

Question 53

What happens with an alpha score of .05?

Answer 53

cuts off the most extreme 5% of the distribution. A score that falls into that area is likely to occur less than 5% of the time if the null hypothesis is true, provides support to alternative hypothesis

Question 54

What is a one-tailed test?

Answer 54

Test that predicts more than or less than, because the outcome is in a specific direction

Question 55

What leads to a right tail test?

Answer 55

Higher score or more than

Question 56

What leads to a left tail test?

Answer 56

Lower score or less than

Question 57

What is a two tailed test?

Answer 57

Predicts a different from outcome and does not specify direction

Question 58

What determines alpha?

Answer 58

Size of the rejection region

Question 59

A research hypothesis that makes a prediction of a lower score on a measure of the DV would require a ________.

Answer 59

Left test

Question 60

A two-tailed test is appropriate for a hypothesis that does not predict a ---- outcome.

Answer 60

more than or less than

Question 61

What is the rejection region?

Answer 61

Area that lies beyond the cutoff score

Question 62

What is the critical value approach?

Answer 62

Test statistic that exceeds predetermined critical value provides evidence

Question 63

What is the p-value approach?

Answer 63

Probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as one observed if null is true

Question 64

What is a larger sample more likely to provide?

Answer 64

Statistically significant outcomes

Question 65

With a two-tailed test, the rejection region is __________.

Answer 65

Split between the two tails of the distribution

Question 66

The p-value of an outcome is the probability of obtaining this result given that the null hypothesis is _________.

Answer 66

true

Question 67

Along with whether a result has statistical significance, a researcher should also be concerned with whether the result has ____ significance.

Answer 67

practical

Question 68

Step 1 in hypothesis testing

Answer 68

State claim and identify null and alternative

Question 69

Step 2 in hypothesis testing

Answer 69

Determine alpha

Question 70

Step 3 in ht?

Answer 70

Determine appropriate test to use

Question 71

Step 4 in hypothesis testing?

Answer 71

Identify critical value

Question 72

Step 5 in ht?

Answer 72

Calculate test statistic

Question 73

Step 6 in ht?

Answer 73

decide to fail or reject H0

Question 74

Step 7 in ht?

Answer 74

Interpret decision

Question 75

What are inferential statistics?

Answer 75

allow you to make inferences based on a data set

Question 76

What can we test with hypotheses?

Answer 76

if one sample belongs to known pop, if two sample came from same or diff pop, if more than two samples come from same pop

Question 77

When should hypotheses be stated?

Answer 77

Before data is collected in terms of uhyp