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PSYC 333 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of aging?

A

-biological aging: declines in physical health
-psychological aging: mix of growth, decline, stability
-social aging: stressful intersections of work and family demands

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2
Q

What are the 2 components of biological aging?

A

-Primary aging: biological factors; molecular and cellular changes; oxidative damage
-Secondary aging: lifestyle factors; lack of physical exercise; poor diet

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3
Q

What are the physical changes in adulthood?

A

-graying and thinning hair
-loose skin and wrinkles
-loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia)
-decreased lung efficiency
-cholesterol and fat accumulation
-decreased immune function
-sensory loss (vision and hearing)
-hormonal changes

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4
Q

What are some age-related vision problems?

A

-presbyopia: inability to focus on nearby objects
-floaters: little spots (“cobwebs”) that float around the field of vision
-drop in scotopic sensitivity (ability to see in dimmer light)
-dry eye syndrome: eye doesn’t produce tears properly (evaporate quickly)

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5
Q

What are 3 components of menopause?

A

-climacteric: midlife transition when fertility declines
-perimenopause: ovaries stop releasing eggs & decreased estrogen & progesterone
-menopause: 12 months without menstruation (gradual process of physical change)

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6
Q

What are some symptoms of menopause?

A

-inability to fall asleep
-hot flash (surge of adrenaline produces sweat, disturb sleep)
-vaginal lubrication diminishes & becomes waterier
-osteoporosis: decreased bone mass

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7
Q

What is the #1 cause of death?

A

-heart disease
-atherosclerosis: a buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries, which is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease

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8
Q

What is hypertension?

A

-high blood pressure
-when the blood flows with a greater force than normal
-when uncontrolled, it can damage the brain’s white matter –> cognitive problems later in life

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9
Q

What is the #2 cause of death?

A

-cancer
-most common type is breast cancer
-next most common are lung and prostate cancer

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10
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A

-inflammatory disease that causes pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function in the joints
-RA is the 2nd most common form of arthritis after osteoarthritis, which is the normal wear and tear on the joints

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11
Q

What are common digestive problems?

A

-prolonged problems with heartburn can lead to more serious complications, including esophageal cancer, one of the most lethal forms of cancer in the U.S.
-gallstones are present in ~20% of women and 10% of men over the age of 55

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12
Q

What sleep disorders are common?

A

-9% of Americans are diagnosed with a sleep disorder
-of those 71% have sleep apnea
-24% suffer from insomnia

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13
Q

How is cognitive functioning affected by age?

A

-some individuals in middle age have improved cognitive functioning
-amount of white matter (forms connections among neurons) increases into the 50s before

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14
Q

What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

A

-fluid: abstract reasoning (flexible thinking); mechanics of cognition; peaks in mid 20s then declines
-crystallized: derived from previous experience; accumulated knowledge and expertise; increases until age 50+; pragmatics of cognition

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15
Q

How does fluid and crystallized intelligence change with age?

A

-fluid intelligence increases til age 30, then gradual decline
-crystallized intelligence increases gradually across life
-most dramatic decline from 25 to 88 is shown in perceptual speed & processing speed
-2nd most dramatic decline is in numeric ability

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16
Q

How is information processing affected in middle adulthood?

A

-crystallized intelligence compensates for declines in fluid intelligence
-information input is compromised
-processing speed slows
-self-regulation stabilizes
-expertise grows

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17
Q

How do older adults learn?

A

-students over 35 accounted for 17% of all college and graduate students in 2009
-older adults may take longer to learn material, but they are less likely to forget it quickly
-older adults are more task-oriented learners and want to organize their activity around problem-solving

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18
Q

What is the Plus 50 Initiative?

A

-assists community college in creating or expanding programs that focus on workforce training and new careers for the plus-50 population

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19
Q

What is the difference between expertise and novice?

A

-expertise: specialized skills and knowledge that pertain to a particular topic or activity (intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible)
-novice: someone who has limited experiences with a particular task

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20
Q

How does expertise affect an individuals career?

A

-expertise is one reason why many people often reach the top of their career in middle adulthood
-superior performance of older adults compared to younger novices is task specific

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of work in midlife?

A

-work performance is positively affected by crystallized intelligence
-general stability in employment
-expertise, seniority, and responsibility
-increased risk for burnout (39% work 50hrs+/week)
-job satisfaction tends to peak (do job well & lower expectations and goals)

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22
Q

What is glass celling?

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A

-organizational discrimination in the workplace that limits the career advancement of women

23
Q

How is self-esteem in midlife?

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A

-in midlife, we can observe, on average, an increase in self-esteem

24
Q

How do the Big 5 personality change across adulthood?

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A
  1. neuroticism decreases (followed by period of emotional stability)
  2. extraversion stability (decrease in excitement seeking)
  3. openness to experience stability (decrease fantasy engagement)
  4. conscientiousness stability (increased competence & deliberation)
  5. agreeableness stability (increase in modesty & straightforwardness)
25
What is Erikson's Psychosocial stage?
-Generativity vs Stagnation (41-65 years old; longest) -generativity is motivation to cotnribute to the well-being of future generations -generative people score high on conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, & low on neuroticism
26
What is the difference between generativity and stagnation?
-generativity: parenting; mentorship; career contributions; sharing expertise -stagnation: feel stuck; bored; disappointed; poor mental health
27
What is a midlife crisis?
-coined by Carl Jung -time of confusion & turmoil -no consistent evidence of midlife crisis -negative life events occur but people have resources to cope -midlife is typically a period of stability and positivity
28
What are the 2 components of narrative identity theory?
-redemptive stories (linked to generativity): bad to good; growth; perseverance; support; agency -contamination stories (linked to stagnation): good to bad; loss; regret; negative emotions
29
What is the difference between stressor & stress?
-stressor: stimulus in the environment; demands adaptive response; threatening, demanding, or challenging -stress: response to stressors, negative emotions (tension, anxiety, overwhelmed)
30
What life events are stressors?
-major changes or disruptions: -not necessarily "negative"; -milestones can be stressful
31
What are the 2 types of stress?
-eustress: results from positive events -distress: results from negative events
32
What are daily hassles that are stressors?
-driving in heavy traffic -dealing with difficult people at work -parenting battles -caring for aging parents
33
What is chronic stress response?
-state of enduring arousal -demands perceived as greater than resources -difficulty coping
34
What is general adaptation syndrome?
-3 phase model of stress 1.mobilization of physiological resources phase 2. coping phase 3. exhaustion phase
35
What is the difference between acute and chronic stress?
-chronic and acute stress have different responses and have negative implications for physical and mental health
36
What are the different characteristics of acute & chronic stress?
-acute: physical exertion; activate & maintain energy reserves; response to pathogens; learning, memory -chronic: high blood pressure, risk of stroke, heart attack; obesity, diabetes; cancer, autoimmune disorders; depression
37
What is suicide risk like in adulthood?
-higher risk for males -chronic stress -difficulty in relationships
38
How does personality affect health?
-negative personality traits are tied to health risks -type A behaviour has 2x the risk of heart disease compared to type B -given their negative personality style, hostile people often lack a health-protective supportive social network
39
What are the 2 categories of coping?
-problem-focused: actively addressing the event that is causing stress to solve issue -emotion-focused: regulates emotions that come with stress
40
Which type of coping is better?
-problem-focused coping seems to have the greatest impact on mental wellness -for uncontrollable events, emotion-focused coping to manage feelings might be the better strategy
41
What is the sandwich generation?
-adults who have at least one parent age 65 or older and are either raising their own children or providing support for their grown children -47% of middle-aged adults are a part of sandwich gen.
42
What is a kinkeeper?
-person(s) who keep the family connected and promote solidarity and continuity in the family -mainly mothers, and maternal & paternal grandmothers
43
What is the empty nest/post-parental period?
-time period when children are grown up and have left home -marital satisfaction often increases during this time
44
What is the empty nest syndrome?
-great emotional distress experienced by parents, typically mothers, after children have left home
45
What are boomerang kids?
-young adults who return after having lived independently outside the home (financial & mental health issues)
46
What are linked lives?
-the notion that people in important relationships, such as children and parents, mutually influence each other's developmental pathways
47
What are the divorce rates in Canada?
-27% of 45-54 year olds are divorced -4 in 10 marriages end in divorce -the average marriage lasts 14.5 years
48
What are the 2 types of divorcees?
-enhancers: use the experience to better themselves & seek more productive intimate relationships -competent loners: used the experience to grow emotionally, but choose to stay single (mainly women)
49
What are the resources to deal with midlife stress?
-social support -redemptive life stories -growth -perseverance -generativity *accumulated resources facilitate resilience into the next life stage
50
What are the 3 styles of grandparents?
-remote: 30% rarely see their grandchildren -companionate: 55% do things with grandchild but have little authority or control over them -involved: 15% have frequent contact with and authority over the grandchild (mostly grandmothers)
51
What are the advantages of friendships in adulthood?
-close friends lessen adverse effects of stress on health -poor social connectedness is associated with higher risk of premature mortality than cigarette smoking, obesity and excessive alcohol use
52
What is the difference between religiosity & spirituality?
-religiosity: engaging with a formal religious group's doctrines, values, traditions, and co-members -spirituality: individual's intrapsychic sense of connection with something transcendent and subsequent feelings of awe, gratitude, compassion, forgiveness
53
What are the effects of spirituality?
-spirituality is related to a higher quality of life for both individuals & societies -spirituality --> lower levels of negative effect, higher levels of positive affect, personal growth, purpose in life, positive relationships with others, self-acceptance, autonomy -religion --> higher levels of purpose in life and personal growth (in older adults), lower levels of autonomy
54
What are the effects of religion?
-religion --> higher levels of purpose in life and personal growth (in older adults), lower levels of autonomy

PSYC 333 (7 decks)

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