Chapter 6 Flashcards by Nicole Milbrath

What are the Multi-Contextual Influences in adolescence?

-normative age-graded influences are typically centered around school transitions (students go from middle to high school together)
-non-normative life influences (divorce)
-history-graded influences (COVID-19)

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What is adolescence characterized by?

-adolescence is a period of dramatic life-defining changes in biological, cognitive, emotional, psychological, interpersonal, educational, and social contexts.
-it is a period of increased risk

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What is the Storm and Stress view?

-G Stanley Hall proposed it in 1904
-it is “biopsychological vulnerability”
-4 aspects of change/development: hormonal, neurological, cognitive, and social

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What are the 4 developments during adolescence according to the Storm and Stress view?

Hormonal changes: they are a part of biological change
Neurological development: also part of biological change (prefrontal cortex; limbic system)
Cognitive development: the self and emotions
Social development: changes in relationships with peers and parents

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Is adolescence synchronous or dyssynchronous change?

-adolescence is a dyssynchronous change
-adolescence may be characterised by accelerated growth and development in one domain and slower in others (lack of synchrony).
-this leads to many ups and downs

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What is puberty?

-a set of biological processes that transform the body into its adult state and results in reproductive capability.

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What is the biological process of puberty?

-process starts with the hypothalamus (regulates hormone production)
-interaction of environment and genes regulate hypothalamus to signal to pituitary gland to secrete more gonadotropins
-those signal growth in the testes and ovaries –> secrete sex hormones (androgens & estrogens)
-new set-point reached that drives physical growth

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What is physical growth like in adolescence?

-growth spurt in height and muscle mass
-from age 10-14, the average girl is taller but not heavier than the average boy
-distalproximal development: growth from the extremities toward the torso

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What are the primary sexual characteristics?

-changes in the reproductive organs
-males: growth of testes, penis, scrotum, and spermarche (first ejaculation of semen)
-females: growth of the uterus and menarche (first menstrual period)

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What are the secondary sexual characteristics?

-visible physical changes not directly linked to reproduction but signal sexual maturity
-males: broader shoulders; lower voice; coarser and darker hair; hair growth in pubic area, underarms, and face
-females: breast development (age 10), hips broaden, pubic and underarm hair develops and becomes darker and coarser

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Which environmental factors are related to the onset of puberty?

-body fat, nutrition, stress and metabolism
-body fat secretes hormones that trigger the onset of puberty, signalling a readiness for biological reproduction

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What are the 3 trends on the starting age of puberty?

-trend 1: age of puberty decreases as BMI increases
-trend 2: later cohorts reached puberty earlier
-trend 3: girls reach puberty earlier than boys (growth spurt begins at 10 for girls and 11 for boys)

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What are the cultural differences in starting age of puberty?

-African American girls enter puberty the earliest
-Hispanic girls start puberty the second earliest
-European-American girls rank third in their age of starting puberty
-Asian-American girls develop last

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What are the responses to puberty from early maturers?

-negative for girls; positive for boys
-for girls, early puberty is associated with depression, substance use, eating disorders, disruptive behaviour disorders, and early sexual behaviour

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What are the responses to puberty from late maturers?

-more problematic for boys
-it takes them longer to reach the bodily ideals that promote strength for boys

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What are the neurological developments of white/grey matter?

-increases in white matter, resulting in improvements in their thinking and processing skills
-period of exuberance and pruning, causing grey matter to become thinner but more efficient

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What are the neurological developments of corpus callosum and hippocampus?

-corpus callosum continues to thicken allowing for stronger connections between brain areas
-hippocampus becomes more strongly connected to the frontal lobes –> greater integration of memory and experiences into our decision making

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What are the changes in circadian rhythm?

-release of sleeping hormone (melatonin) occurs later
-some schoolboards adjusted their time to accommodate sleeping patterns of adolescents

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What are the 2 major components of brain development?

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-prefrontal cortex –> brakes (regulates behaviour, control impulses, organization, planning, and making good decisions)
-limbic region –> gas (emotion center associated with risk, reward, and pleasure)

What are the characteristics of these 2 major components of brain development during adolescence?

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-gap between 1 and 2 is the differential maturity
-period where they have more gas (limbic region developed first) and weak brakes (frontal lobe develops more slowly)

Why is it adaptive for adolescents to take risks?

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-approach pleasure and novelty once they reach sexual maturity so that they will seek out new environments and unrelated mates, which promote diversity in the gene pool

What are the rates of teen pregnancy?

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-adolescent pregnancy rates have declined since 1991
-in 2014, 15-19 year old females had a birth rate of 24.2 per 1000

What decreases the risk of adolescent pregnancy?

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-parent-child closeness
-parental supervision
-parent’s values against teen intercourse

What increases the risk of adolescent pregnancy?

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-residing in disorganized/dangerous neighborhoods
-living in a lower SES family
-living with a single parent
-having older sexually active siblings or pregnant/parenting teenage sisters
-early puberty
-being a victim of sexual abuse

What are some negative effects of teen pregnancy?

-only 40% of teens with kids before 18 graduate high school -teen moms are more likely to live in poverty -child born to a teen mom is 50% more likely to repeat a grade in school and is more likely to perform poorly on standardized tests and drop out of high school

What is muscle dysmorphia?

-extreme desire to increase one's muscularity -similar to women, men have a distorted sense of body image

What are the treatments for eating disorders?

-treatment plans include medical care, nutritional counseling, medications, and individual, group and/or family psychotherapy -Maudsley Approach: parents of teens with anorexia are involved in the treatment -CBT is used for binge-eating and purging behaviours

What is the Piagetian stage of adolescence?

-Formal Operations (ages 12+) -able to think about and perform concrete operations abstractly -can perform operations in their mind, organizing and manipulating different pieces of information

What is the concept of transitivity?

-a relationship between two elements is carried over to other elements logically related to the first two (understood by teens) -ex: A < B and B < C, then A < C

What are 2 aspects of egocentrism in adolescence?

-imaginary audience: belief that those around them are as focused on their appearance as they are -personal fable: belief that one is unique, special, and invulnerable to harm

What are the consequences of formal operational thought?

-greater introspection (thinking about their thoughts & feelings) -become idealistic (high standards of behaviour) -hypocrisy (pretend to be what they are not) -pseudostupidity (approaching problems at a level too complex)

What are the 2 aspects of formal-operational thought?

-inductive reasoning/bottom-up-processing: consider experiences, observations, and ideas to determine probable outcome -deductive reasoning/top-down-processing: application of general principles to determine guaranteed outcome

What are the 2 ways people process information (dual-process model)?

-intuitive thought: automatic, unconscious, and fast; more experimental and emotional (easier and commonly used by kids & teens) -analytic thought: deliberate, conscious, and rational

How is the information processing speed?

-increased efficiency: --underlies many advances observed during this period --facilitates cognitive development

How is self-esteem in adolescence?

-adolescents think of possible selves; downsides: --comparisons with other selves --decline in self-esteem (but typically rises from mid to late adolescence; more confidence in relationships, appearance)

What are the effects of decreased self-esteem and contributing factors?

-depression and anxiety are on the rise -smart phones and social media: --amplifies adolescent egocentrism --constant audience feedback --no ability to completely disconnect

What is Erikson's Psychological Stage in adolescence?

-Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18 years old) -when individuals develop a well-defined and positive sense of self

What are the 6 components of multiple identities?

-religious (family) -political (family) -vocational (occupation) -gender -sexual -ethnic

What is Marcia's typology/identity achievement model?

-identity diffusion: no options explored, and no commitment to an identity -identity foreclosure: commitment to identity, but no options explored -identity moratorium: exploring, and no commitment to identity -identity achievement: commitment after exploration

What are the Positive Identity Exploration Processes?

1. exploration in breadth 2. exploration in depth 3. commitment making 4. identification with commitment

What are the Risk Identity Exploration Processes?

1. ruminative exploration 2. reconsideration of commitment

What is conflict between the parent & adolescent like?

-increase in early adolescence; drop in late adolescence -unaffected by gender -renegotiation of bedtime, screentime, curfews, and clothes

What is support between the parent & adolescent like?

-decline in early adolescence; stabilize in late adolescence -inflexible parents may cause adolescent to feel unsupported

What is power between the parent & adolescent like?

-parental power diminishes -transformation into egalitarian relationship; shared power -desire for autonomy

What is attachment to parents like in adolescence?

-discontinuity in the short-term; continuity of bonds over the long-term -attachment expressions change (less cuddling and more talking) -relationships must develop in coordination with child's own development

What is the function of peer groups?

-development for socialization and social skills -reference group for identity formation

What are the types of peer groups?

-cliques: small; friendship-based -crowds: large; stereotypes

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(47 cards)