Chapter 8

Question 1

retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time; fill in the blank

Answer 1

recall

Question 2

asking if the word “CHAIR” is written in capital letters is an example of

Answer 2

shallow processing

Question 3

the phenomenon in which exposure to subtly misleading information leads to misremebering what we saw/heard

Answer 3

misinformation effect

Question 4

asking if the word “puzzle” fits in a certain sentence is an example of

Answer 4

deep processing

Question 5

we can store about __ pieces of information in short term memory

Answer 5

7 (give or take a few)

Question 6

the duration of sensory codes in sensory memory is

Answer 6

very brief

Question 7

failure to retrieve information from memory

Answer 7

forgetting

Question 8

the inability to remember the past/information stored in long term memory

Answer 8

retrograde amnesia

Question 9

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined

Answer 9

source amnesia/misattribution

Question 10

the tendency to recall information more easily when the physical or mental state at the time of retrieval matches the state at the time of encoding

Answer 10

state dependent memory

Question 11

the phenomenon where memories are easier to recall when the context is the same as when the memory was originally formed

Answer 11

context dependent memory

Question 12

task switching _________ working memory

Answer 12

reduces

Question 13

conclusion of George Sperling’s letter flashing experiment

Answer 13

sensory memory persists for about 1/3 of a secodn a progressively fades

Question 14

previously learned information often facilitates learning of new information

Answer 14

positive transfer

Question 15

the tendency for dsitributed study/practice to yield better long term retention

Answer 15

spacing effect

Question 16

briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten

Answer 16

short term memory

Question 17

our implicit memories include ____________ memory for automatic skills and classically conditioned ______________ for stimuli

Answer 17

procedural, associations

Question 18

a model that likens the human memory to computer operations

Answer 18

information processing model

Question 19

a lasting physical change as memory forms that boosts activity in the brain’s memory forming areas

Answer 19

memory trace

Question 20

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 20

chunking

Question 21

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system; knowledge, skills, experiences

Answer 21

long term memory

Question 22

type of conscious memory; facts and general knowledge

Answer 22

semantic

Question 23

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from
among all sensory input

Answer 23

selective attention

Question 24

distributed study practice produces better long term ______

Answer 24

recall

Question 25

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Answer 25

mood congruent

Question 26

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Answer 26

implicit (nondeclarative)

Question 27

a _______ ____________ corrdinates focused processing, where new information integrates with long term memory

Answer 27

central executive

Question 28

the eerie sense that "I've expereinced this before"; explained by source amnesia

Answer 28

deja vu

Question 29

people that display and extroardinary face recognition ability

Answer 29

super recognizers

Question 30

learning that persists overtime; information acquired and stored that can be retrieved

Answer 30

memory

Question 31

the ability to remember the past but unable to form new memories

Answer 31

anterograde amnesia

Question 32

when you summon up a mental encore of past experience, many brain regions send input to your ___________ _________

Answer 32

prefrontal cortex

Question 33

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory is most effective in helping us recall it

Answer 33

encoding specificity principle

Question 34

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time

Answer 34

relearning

Question 35

a memory distortion that occurs when people are more confident that an event happened after imagining it, even though it never did

Answer 35

imagination inflation

Question 36

the effect that mentally saying, writing, or typing information beats silently reading it

Answer 36

production effect

Question 37

the phenomenon that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off overtime

Answer 37

forgetting curve

Question 38

getting information into our brain

Answer 38

encode

Question 39

riding a bike is an example of ____________ memory

Answer 39

prodecural

Question 40

proposer of the "magic number 7" rule for short term memory

Answer 40

George Miller

Question 41

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 41

flashbulb memories

Question 42

left side of hippocampus is related to

Answer 42

verbal information

Question 43

facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare

Answer 43

explicit (declarative) memories

Question 44

proposers of a three stage model for memory (automatic processing)

Answer 44

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Question 45

______ supports memory consolidation

Answer 45

sleep

Question 46

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memroy system

Answer 46

sensory memory

Question 47

the rear area of the hippocampus processes

Answer 47

spatial memory

Question 48

concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Answer 48

hierarchies

Question 49

the ____ cues, the easier the retrieval

Answer 49

more

Question 50

a process in which previously stored memories are altered before being stored again

Answer 50

reconsolidation

Question 51

deep brain structures involved in motor movement; facilitate formation of procedural memories for skills

Answer 51

basil ganglia

Question 52

neural structure located in limbic system; saves and processes explicit memories

Answer 52

hippocampus

Question 53

later getting information back out

Answer 53

retrieve

Question 54

T or F: if new information is neither meaningful nor related to our experience, we have trouble processing it

Answer 54

T

Question 55

without conscious effort we process information about

Answer 55

space, time, frequency

Question 56

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus/problem simultaneously

Answer 56

parallel processing

Question 57

unconscious encoding of incidental information

Answer 57

automatic processing

Question 58

psychologist that proposed we repress painful memories to protect our self concept and minimize anxiety

Answer 58

Freud

Question 59

a stage where short term memory combines with long term memories

Answer 59

working memory

Question 60

founder of the flashing letter recall experiment

Answer 60

George Sperling

Question 61

interference that occurs when prior learning disrupts recall of new information

Answer 61

proactive interference

Question 62

interference that occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information

Answer 62

retroactive interference

Question 63

the process in which memories migrate to the cortex for long term storage

Answer 63

memory consolidation

Question 64

encoding semantically based on the meaning of words; yields the best retention

Answer 64

deep processing

Question 65

term for super memory; allows for an accurate memory of most of life's events

Answer 65

highly superior autobiographical memory

Question 66

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Answer 66

echoic memory

Question 67

the ______________ plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning

Answer 67

cerebellum

Question 68

identifying items previously learned; multiple choice test

Answer 68

recognition

Question 69

explain how deja vu occurs

Answer 69

1. we experience a feeling of familiarity (temporal lobe) before we consciously remember details (hippocampus + frontal lobe) 2. these functions become out of sync so we feel like we have expereinced something before when we haven't

Question 70

the absence of recall, by adults, of personal memories that occurred before the age of 2

Answer 70

infantile amnesia

Question 71

a model that views memories as products of interconnected neural networks

Answer 71

connectionism

Question 72

our response speed when, relearning, recalling or recognizing information indicates

Answer 72

memory strength

Question 73

past memory

Answer 73

retrospective memory

Question 74

encoding on a basic level; based on the structure or appearance of words

Answer 74

shallow processing

Question 75

the capacity of sensory memory is

Answer 75

large, but not unlimited

Question 76

associations with bits of information about your surroundings, mood, position to help open memories

Answer 76

retrieval cues

Question 77

additional rehearsal (overlearning) of verbal information increases

Answer 77

retention

Question 78

retaining information

Answer 78

store

Question 79

young adults tend to have ________ working memory capacity than do children and older adults

Answer 79

greater

Question 80

memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 80

nmemonics

Question 81

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 81

effortful processing

Question 82

an increase in a nerve cell's firing after brief, rapid stimulation; neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 82

long term potentiation

Question 83

intended future actions

Answer 83

prospective memory

Question 84

the average person stores and recognizes ________ faces

Answer 84

5000

Question 85

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information

Answer 85

testing effect

Question 86

failure to process new information to memory

Answer 86

encoding failure

Question 87

duration of working memory

Answer 87

12-30 seconds

Question 88

right side of hippocampus is related to

Answer 88

visual designs and locations

Question 89

the tendency to remember self relevant information

Answer 89

self reference effect

Question 90

a process whereby interfering information presented before and/or after target information can make it difficult to remember

Answer 90

masking

Question 91

type of conscious memory; experienced events

Answer 91

episodic

Question 92

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primary effect) items in a list

Answer 92

serial position effect

Question 93

stress provokes the __________, which initiates a ___________ _______

Answer 93

amygdala, memory trace

Question 94

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

Answer 94

iconic memory

Question 95

founders of study where participants were asked to identify statements at true or false as quick as they could; found responses for first statements faster than the last statements

Answer 95

Collins and Quillian