Chapter 9 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
smallest language units that carry meaning (ex. read-er)
A
morphemes
2
Q
a focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed
A
growth mindset
3
Q
the most widely used intelligence test for children that contain verbal and performance subtests; gives an overall score and a score for each subsection
A
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
4
Q
self confident people tend to live life more _________
A
happily
5
Q
the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test
A
Stanford-Binet
6
Q
psychologist that identified eight relatively independent intelligences
A
Howard Gardner
7
Q
psychologist that proposed triarchic theory; three reliably measure intelligences
A
Robert Sternberg
8
Q
a language’s set of rules that enable people to communicate
A
grammar
9
Q
a neurodevelopmental disorder that is diagnosed when a person has a intelligence test score of 70 or below
A
intellectual disability
10
Q
an abrupt , sudden realization of a problem’s solution
A
insight
11
Q
the level of performance associated with children of a certain chornological age
A
mental age
12
Q
“powers” of creativity
A
produces new insights and products
13
Q
to check a test’s reliabilty, researchers may split the test in _____, or _______
A
half, retest
14
Q
“perils” of algorithm
A
requires time and effort
15
Q
“perils” of insight
A
may not happen
16
Q
a self confirming concern that ome will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
A
stereotype threat
17
Q
German psychologist that derived the intelligence quotient
A
William Stern
18
Q
four abilities of emotional intelligence
A
- percieving emotions
- understanding emotions
- managing emotions
- using emotions
19
Q
a linguist that argued language is an unlearned human trait and we have a built in predisposition to learn grammar rules
A
Noam Chomsky
20
Q
“perils” of overconfidence
A
puts us at risk for errors
21
Q
Broca’s area is related to the ______ cortex, while Wernicke’s area is related to the __________ cortex
A
motor, auditory
22
Q
childhood is a __________ _________ for language development
A
critical period
23
Q
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
A
achievement test
24
Q
the theory that intelligence is based on g as well as specific abilties; brudged by Gf and Gc
A
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory
25
a mental image or best example of a category
prototype
26
judging the likelihood of something by intuitively comparing it to a particular prototype uses the
representativeness heuristic
27
an ability to narrow the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
convergent thinking
28
mental groupings of similiar objects, events, ideas, or people
concepts
29
understanding social situations and managing yourself successfully
social intelligence
30
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
predictive validity
31
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; obstacle to problem solving
fixation
32
a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes distribution of average data
normal curve
33
"perils" of heuristic
puts us at risk for errors
34
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
standardization
35
judging the likelihood of an event based on its mental availability; anything that makes information pop into mind (vividness, recency, disticntiveness) uses the
availibility heuristic
36
a methodical, step by step procedure that guarantees a solution
algorithm
37
cognition about or cognition; keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes
metacognition
38
symbol for a single intelligence factor
g
39
40
to be widely accpeted, a psychological test must be _________________, ____________, and _______
standardized, accepted, valid
41
"perils" of belief perserverance
closes our mind to new ideas
42
"perils" of intuition
can lead us to overfeel and overthink
43
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions; a critical part of social intelligence
emotional intelligence
44
a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as being from the a given time period
cohort
45
"powers" of framing
can influence others' decisions
46
T or F: Heritibility only applies to an individual
F, heritability explains why people in a group differ from one another
47
the tendency to be more confident than correct; overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
overconfidence
48
a tendency to see what we want or expect to see
perceptual set
49
the built in predisposition to learn grammar rules; proposed by Noam Chomsky
universal grammar
50
the stage in speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds; begins around 4 months
babbling
51
a brain area in the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehession and expression
Wernicke's area
52
if not exposed to a language until age 7 or beyond, children lose their ability to
master any language
53
considering opposing arguments reduces ____
bias
54
psychologist that believed we have one general intelligence
Charles Spearman
55
the powers of intuition
1. implicit knowledge that cannot be explained
2. adaptive
3. constantly affecting judgement
56
creativity is supported by a certain level of __________
aptitude
57
adopted children's intelligence scores resemble those of their _______________ parents much more than their ____________ families
biological, adoptive
58
framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions
nudge
59
"powers" of fixation
focuses thinking
60
adoption from poverty into middle class homes ___________ children's intelligence scores
enhances
61
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; decreases with age
fluid intelligence (Gf)
62
the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language (ex. th-a-t)
phonemes
63
"powers" of intuition
based on experience; huge and adaptive
64
the stage in speech development in which a child speaks in one syllable or one word; age 1 to 2
one word stage
65
"powers" of belief perserverance
supports our enduring beliefs
66
"powers" of overconfidence
allows us to live more happily and to make decisions easily
67
the most reliable male edge in intelligence is with ________ __________
spacial ability
68
when behavior don't fit our _______________ protoypes, we often fail to notice _____________
prejudice
69
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age
crystallized intelligence (Gc)
70
five components of creativity
1. expertise
2. imaginative thinking
3. venturesome personality
4. intrinsic motivation
5. creative environment
71
mental age divided by chronological age
IQ
72
the early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs (ex. "go car")
telegraphic speech
73
the tendency to cling to our beliefs even when presented with contrary evidence
belief perserverance
74
"powers" of confirmation bias
quickly recognizes supporting evidence
75
psychologist that proved humans were not the only creatures to display insight
Wolfgang Kohler
76
"powers" of an algorithm
guarantees a solution
77
triarchic theory three intelligences
1. analytical/academic problem solving intelligence
2. creative intelligence
3. practical intelligence
78
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related variables; used by Spearman
factor analysis
79
a frontal lobe brain area in left hemisphere that controls language expression by directing muscle movements in speech
Broca's area
80
linguist that developed the theory of linguistic determinism
Benjamin Lee Whorf
81
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
intelligence
82
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
creativity
83
the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes
heritability
84
a test designed to predict a person's future performance and capacity to learn
aptitude test
85
adoptionn of mistreated or neglected children ____________ their intelligence scores
enhances
86
"perils" of confirmation bias
hinders recognition of contradictory evidence
87
a method for assesing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores
intelligence test
88
a cognitive bias that causes people to underestimate the time and resources needed to complete a task; caused by overcondfidence
planning fallacy
89
the extent to which the test actually measures or predicts what it promises
validity
90
Garner's eight intelligences
1. musical
2. spatial
3. interpersonal
4. intrapersonal
5. naturalist
6. linguistic
7. logical mathematical
8. bodily kinesthetic
91
an ability to expand the number of possible problem solutions and think in novel ways
divergent thinking
92
the extent to which a test yields consistent results when retaken
reliability
93
the idea that language influences the way we think
linguistic relativism
94
founders of the theory of general ability (fluid and crystallized intelligence)
Raymond Cattell and John Horn
95
psychologist and creator of the most widely used individual intelligence test
David Wechsler
96
the way an issue is posed
framing
97
the stage in speech development in which a child speaks mostly in two words; learning goes from one word per week to one word per day; begins around 2 years
two word stage
98
the ability to ponder large questions about life, death, and existence; ninth possible intelligence
existential intleligence
99
how we order words into sentences; crucial part of grammar
syntax
100
"perils" of framing
can produce a misleading result
101
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
confirmation bias
102
our spoken, written, and signed words, and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
language
103
an ability to understand what is said to an about yourself; develops in babies
receptive language
104
four explanations for an intelligence-health link
1. more education, better jobs
2. healthy living (less smoking, diet, excersise)
3. prenatal and early childhood influences
4. fast reaction speeds
105
the idea that language determines the way we think
linguistic determinism
106
"perils" of fixation
hinders creative problem solving
107
the heritability of general intelligence increases from about ____ percent in early childhood to well over ____ percent in adulthood
30, 50
108
a condition in which who have exceptional brilliance is a specific skill but often score low on intelligence tests
savant syndrome
109
the intelligence scores of same age, unrelated children adopted as infants and raised together as siblings correlate ______________
positively
110
examples of nudging
1. eating healthier (food labels)
2. saving for retirement
3. making moral decisions
4. organ donation
111
our fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts
intuition
112
the heart of all our intelligent behavior that underlies all mental abilties; measured by every task on an intelligence task
general intelligence
113
"powers" of insight
instant realization of solution
114
psychologist that measured a child's mental age and developed an intelligence test
Alfred Binet
115
"perils" of creativity
can distract from structured, routine work
116
the impairement of language; usually caused by left hemisphere damage to Broca's area or Wernicke's area
aphasia
117
a simple thinking shortcut that allows us to make jusgments and solve problems efficiently
heuristics
118
"powers" of a heuristic
lets us act quickly and efficiently
