Chapter 8 Flashcards

Question

Psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow

Answer 1

Monkeys raised for learning studies in the 1950s provided new insights regarding attachment ii. To pit the power of a food source against the contact comfort of a blanket, the Harlow's created two artificial mothers - a bare wire, wooden-head feeder 'mom' and a 'mom' wrapped in terry cloth iii. The monkeys overwhelmingly liked the comfy mom ○ Contact is one piece of attachment, another is familiarity

Answer 2

For goslings, ducklings, or chicks, in the hours shortly after hatching (when the first object they see is normally their mother), these animals form a rigid attachment called ** i. In 1937 Konrad Lorenz studied the attachment process with ducks. When his 'hatchlings' saw him, they imprinted and followed him everywhere

Answer 3

an individual's basic behavioral disposition (emotional reactivity and intensity towards people and situations); is influenced by genetics (and environment at an early age)

Answer 4

(ACEs) - potentially traumatic events which impacts a child's brain and health as they grow into adulthood ○ Negative experiences during childhood can have long-term or lasting negative impacts on relationships, health, and well-being throughout a person's lifespan

Answer 5

Mary Ainsworth studied Attachment which show that some children are securely attached and others are insecurely attached (anxious, avoidant, disorganized)

Answer 6

children are confident when parent is visible; they become distressed when the parent leaves, and will go to the parent when the parent returns and will calm Ainsworth

Answer 7

people crave acceptance but remain vigilant to signs of possible rejection. They tend to be skilled lie detectors (like poker players); they tend to cling in relationships Ainsworth

Answer 8

strong sense of independence; tend to avoid close relationships; they lack commitment and create conflict Ainsworth

Answer 9

lack trust in caregiver; crave love and belonginess, but also fear it Ainsworth

Answer 10

disorder that appears during childhood ; marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, fixated interests, and repetitive behaviors ○ Severity of the disorder is wide ranging -> some function at a high level while other struggle to use language

Answer 11

parenting styles authoritarian permissive negligent authoritative

Answer 12

impose strict rules and expect obedience, little positive affirmation; value punishment without discussion (too hard) i. Children tend to have low self-esteem Baumrind

Answer 13

make few demands, set few rules (or rules not enforced), use little punishment (too soft) i. Children tend to end up impulsive and egocentric Baumrind

Answer 14

inattentive; minimize investment of time, money, and effort with child (too uncaring) i. Children tend to end up indifferent and prone to depression Baumrind

Answer 15

set expectations and rules, but encourage discussion and allow justified exceptions (just right) i. Children tend to be well-behaved with good self-esteem and social skills Baumrind

Answer 16

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, beginning at puberty ○ Adolescence, as we know it, did not come about until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when child-labor and compulsory education laws delayed the social onset of adulthood ○ The egocentric nature of childhood morphs into a heightened self-awareness during the early teen years -> teenagers feel as if they have a spotlight on them (everyone watches/notices), and reasoning is self-focused, with the notion that their experiences are wholly unique ○ Puberty follows a surge of hormones, which may intensify moods and triggers bodily changes

Answer 17

by the end of adolescence, teenagers' brains have fewer neural connections because those not used have decayed; but those remaining are stronger and more efficient ○ An adolescent's brain is still a work in progress - as teens mature, the frontal lobes continue to develop i. The continuing growth of myelin enables better communication with other brain regions -> this brings better judgement, better reasoning, increased impulse control, and long-term planning

Answer 18

Stages of Moral Development Preconventional morality Conventional morality Post-conventional morality

Answer 19

( Concrete rules: focus is avoiding punishment or gaining rewards) i. Before age 10 ii. Obedience/punishment - It's wrong to steal/stealing is bad (no personal sense of right/wrong) iii. Self-interest/rewards - If it leads to a reward it must be good/you're a hero if you save her Kohlberg

Answer 20

(Moral Rules: focus on broader rules/ethics of society) i. Adolescence ii. Conformity - social rules determine what is acceptable or not Authority (Law and order) - Moral reasoning considers societal laws Kohlberg

Answer 21

(Moral rules: choice made based on personal moral principles) i. Adulthood (or never) ii. Social contract - we need rules, but they are social agreements that can change if necessary iii. Principles - we must follow our moral guidelines, which may/may not fit the law Kohlberg

Answer 22

(the ability to control one's impulses) - part of moral development

Answer 23

○ Erik Erikson contended that each stage of life has a psychosocial task that needs resolved ○ Was a Neo-Freudian who based his theory off Freud's… but it is a life-span process focuses on social, not sexual, identity

Answer 24

up to 1 Trust vs Mistrust Are needs met?

Answer 25

1-3 Autonomy vs shame and doubt Can they do things for themselves or doubt and rely on others

Answer 26

3-6 Initiative vs guilt Take initiative or feel guilty for trying to be independent

Answer 27

6 to puberty competence vs inferiority please in applying themselves or feel inferior or lose interest

Answer 28

teents to 20s identity vs role confusion who i am or who am i

Answer 29

20s to 40s intimacy vs isolation close relationships or alone

Answer 30

40s to 60s generativity vs stagnation sense of meaning

Answer 31

60s to death integrity vs despair looking back, satisfaction or failure

Answer 32

our sense of self

Answer 33

adolescent identity Identity diffusion Identity foreclosure Identity moratorium Identity achievement

Answer 34

a lack of clear understanding of one's identity, and not really working on it marcia

Answer 35

not having explored many identity options, an adolescent conforms to the identity expectations of others marcia

Answer 36

(temporary halt) - the adolescent is exploring many identities and has not committed to any yet marcia

Answer 37

occurs in early adulthood - has committed to a sense of identity that they have chosen based on life experiences marcia

Answer 38

the period from about 18 to the mid-20s, when many in Western cultures struggle with seeking their own independence, while doing so from their parents' home

Answer 39

Adulthood spans most of one's lifespan, and it is more difficult to generalize about adulthood stages than about early life stages ○ Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output are like daylight after the summer solstice - all declining quickly, but imperceptibly starting around the mid-20s ○ Aging also brings a gradual decline in fertility i. Women tend to experience menopause within a few years of 50 ii. Men experience a drop in testosterone levels, and the effects that come along with it ○ Fluid and crystallized intelligence ○ We learned that the late-developing frontal lobes allow for growing impulsivity control in teens. Later in life, some of that impulsiveness returns as those same frontal lobes begin to atrophy (Why older people are much more blunt)

Answer 40

the likelihood individuals have in sharing in the opportunities and benefits of society Ex: health, length of life, housing, education

Answer 41

acquired disorder marked by cognitive deficits; brain damage related to strokes, tumors, heavy drinking/smoking, Alzheimer's, etc. formerly called dementia

Answer 42

○ Deteriorating neurons that produce ACh, plaque that forms at synapse Reading, learning, running, and lifting weights have all shown to reduce/delay symptoms

Answer 43

a culture's preferred timing for social events, such as leaving home, marriage, parenthood, and retirement ○ The dominant themes of adulthood are love and work

Answer 44

○ Freud believed that children pass through five psychosexual stages (awareness of one's own sexuality) ○ In Freud's view conflicts not resolved during psychosexual stages could surface as maladaptive behavior in adult years i. At any point during the oral, anal, or phallic stages, the unresolved conflict could leave a person fixated (stalled) at that stage

Answer 45

the biological distinction defined as male and female

Answer 46

the behavioral and psychological traits associated with males and females (masculine and feminine)

Answer 47

our personal sense of being male, female, some combination of the two, or neither ○ Gender guides how we think about ourselves, how we interact with others, and what opportunities and constraints we face in our lives

Answer 48

our enduring sexual attraction towards others (either heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or asexual)

Answer 49

specific behaviors and attitudes that a society establishes for men and women

Answer 50

the interactive process through which individuals learn basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of their society ○ Gender roles are learned through socialization

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(74 cards)