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chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

acid precipitation

A

acid rain, acid hail, acid snow; all of which occur as a result of pollution in the atmosphere. Occurs from sulfur and nitrogen pollutants. PH of acid rain is usually 2.3 compared to the normal ph of rain which is 5.6. Acid rain causes leaching of some minerals from soil, buildup of sulfur and nitrogen in soil, increasing aluminium concentration in soil (harmful to plants), increasing aluminium concentration in bodies of water (harmful to fish), leaching calcium from conifers, lowering ph of bodies of water, causing human respitory issues.

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2
Q

acute effect

A

effect caused by a short exposure to a high level of toxin. e.g. snake bite

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3
Q

catalytic converter

A

a platinum-coated device that oxidizes most of the VOCs and some of the CO that would otherwise be emitted in exhaust, converting them to CO2.

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4
Q

closed-loop recyling

A

when materials, such as plastic or aluminum, are used to rebuild the same product. An example of this is the use of the aluminum from aluminum cans to produce more aluminum cans

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5
Q

composting

A

a process that allows the organic matter in sold waste to be decomposed and reintroduced into the soil, often as fertilizer.

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6
Q

building-related illness

A

when the signs and symptoms of an illness can be attributed to a specific infectious organism that resides in the building.

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7
Q

chronic effect

A

an effect that results from the long-term exposure to low levels of toxin. e.g. lead based paint

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8
Q

deep well injection

A

drilling a hole in the ground that’s below the water table to hold waste.

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9
Q

disease

A

occurs when infection causes a change in the state of health.

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10
Q

dose-response analysis

A

a process in which an organism is exposed to a toxin at different concentrations, and the dosage that causes the death of the organism is recorded.

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11
Q

dose-response curve

A

the result of graphing a does-response analysis.

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12
Q

ED 50

A

the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms show a negative effect from a toxin.

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13
Q

global warming

A

an intensification of the Greenhouse Effect due to the increased presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere

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14
Q

Industrial Smog (gray smog)

A

smog resulting from emissions from industry and other sources of gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels, especially coal.

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15
Q

hazardous waste

A

any waste that poses a danger to human health; it must be dealt with in a different way from other types of waste.

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16
Q

heat islands

A

urban areas that heat up more quickly and retain heat better than non-urban areas. Result in more smog

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17
Q

high-level radioactive waste

A

radioactive wastes that produce high levels of ionizing radiation.

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18
Q

infection

A

the result of a pathogen invading a body.

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19
Q

LD 50

A

the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms die from a toxin.

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20
Q

leachate

A

the liquid that percolates to the bottom of a landfill.

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21
Q

low-level radioactive waste

A

radioactive wastes that produce low levels of ionizing radiation

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22
Q

noise pollution

A

any noise that causes stress or has the potential to damage human health.

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23
Q

non-point source pollution

A

pollution that does not have a specific point of release. Such as cows releasing methane gas throughout several miles

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24
Q

open-loop recyling

A

when materials are reused to form new products.

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25
ozone holes
the thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica (and to some extent, over the Arctic)
26
pathogens
Virus, Fungi, Protozoa, Bacteria, Parasitic worms
27
photochemical smog
when photochemical smog, NOx compounds, VOCs, and ozone combine to form smog with a brownish hue. Form in sunny urban areas
28
point source pollution
a specific location from which pollution is released' an example of a point source location is a factory where wood is being burned.
29
poison
any substance that has an LD50 of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight.
30
physical treatment
in a sewage treatment plant, the initial filtration that is done to remove debris such as stones, sticks, rags, toys, and other objects that were flushed down the toilet.
31
risk assessment
calculating risk, or the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen.
32
risk management
using strategies to reduce the amount of risk (the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen)
33
secondary pollutants
pollutants that are formed by the combination of primary pollutants in the atmosphere. Sulfur and water vapor cause acid rain
34
secondary treatment
the biological treatment of wastewater in order to continue to remove biodegradable waste.
35
sick building syndrome
a condition in which the majority of a building's occupants experience certain symptoms that vary with the amount of time spent in a building, without being able to identify a specified cause or illness.
36
sludge
the solids that remain after the secondary treatment of sewage.
37
sludge processor
a tank filled with aerobic bacteria that's used to treat sewage.
38
solid waste
can consist of hazardous waste, industrial solid waste, or municipal waste. Many types of solid waste provide a threat to human health and the environment.
39
stationary sources
non-moving sources of pollution, such as factories.
40
Superfund Program
a program funded by the federal government and a trust that's funded by taxes on chemicals; identifies pollutants and cleans up hazardous waste sites.
41
threshold does
the dosage level of a toxin at which a negative effect occurs.
42
toxicity
the degree to which a substance is biologically harmful.
43
toxin
any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed at dosages sufficient to damage a living organism.
44
tropospheric ozone
ozone that exist in the trophosphere. This trophic ozone is the ozone that is bad for us, not the ozone in the stratosphere which shields us from UV radiation. The tropopsphere ozone is a secondary polutant that forms from nitrogen oxides, heat, sunlight, and voltatile organic compounds (VOCs). Major contributor to smog
45
U.S. Noise Control Act
gave the EPA power to set emission standards for major sources of noise, including transportation, machinery, and construction.
46
vector
the carrier organism that contains the pathogen, such as a tick.
47
wastewater
any water that has been used by humans. This includes human sewage, water drained from showers, tubs, sinks, dishwashers, washing machines, water from industrial processes, and storm water runoff.
48
Waste-to-Energy (WTE) program
when the energy released from waste incineration is used to generate electricity.
49
Examples of air polution by environment
Volcanos, pollen, mold spores, forest fires, dinoflagellates
50
Criteria Pollutants
The EPA determined that these chemicals do the most harm to humans carbond monoxide, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate
51
ppm
Parts per million. If CO has a ppm of 10, then there are 10 particles per million of molecules of air
52
ppb
parts per billion
53
Carbond monoxide
Primarily released from incomplete combustion, main source is from vehicles. Binds to hemoglobin. Colorless and odorless
54
Lead
Released as particulate (small solid particles that suspend in the air) the particulate eventually settles into water or land and is then incorporatd into the food chain. Causes issues with the nervous system such as mental retardation. Main source is industrial lead
55
Nitrogen oxide
Secondary pollutant. Primarily formed in combustion engines. Component of smog and acid rain
56
Sulfur dioxide
colorless gas and suffocating odor. Formed by the pulping of paper, burning of coal, burning of fossil fuels. Also factor in indoor pollutants such as gas heaters, improperly vented gas ranges
57
VOCs
voltatile organic compounds are the result the use of propane, dry cleaning, industrial solvents, can react to O3 and is a major contributor to smog. One of the biggest indoor pollutants found in carpet, furniture, plastics, oil
58
Smog
typically associated with the the burning of oil to release cO and co2. Smog production can be aided by air inversions (trap pollutants) or fog
59
Stratosphere ozone
Blocks 95% of UV radiation produced by O2 + UV (sunlight) = O + O, O + O2 = O3
60
chlorofluorocarbons
Major source of the thinning of ozone in stratosphere. Chlorofluorocarbons were used in propellants, fire egstinguishers, and cans of hairspray. CFC's travel through the atmosphere through atmospheric mixing (CFC's are very stable which allows them to survive the rise). UV radiation breaks CFC's into chlorine monoxide. Cl + O3 = ClO + O2. During winter months the chlorine monoxide is concentrated in ice crystals that form in and around the anartic. In the spring the chlorine is freeded from the chlorine monxide, ClO + O = Cl + O2. Ozone loss is greatest in spring. Chlorine acts as a catalyst and is therefore not changed.
61
Anartic continent
Exposed to the greatest amount of UV radiation. Winds can spread ozone-depleted air into south america, autstrailia, and Southern Africa.
62
Consequences of increased UV explosure
UV radiation can kill primary produces like phytoplankton, which results in less fish. Humans can contract skin cancer, eye cataracts, and a weakened immune system
63
Montreal Protocol
146 countries called for the end of the production of CFC's.
64
dry acid particle deposition
occurs two or three days after emission into atmosphere
65
wet deposition
acid rain is delayed 4 to 14 days after emission
66
areas particularly vulnerable to acid rain
Soil that has a low ph and soil that has been leached of its calcium
67
Clean Air Act
lead to the reduction of So2 and Nox released by industrial plants, ammendment to the clean air act caused new cars to produce 75% less pollutants also (not part of the clean air act) natural ambient air quality standards have been puti n place
68
Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975
The department of transportation earned the authority to set corporate average fuel economy for motor vehicles. Requirs vehicles to meet set fuel efficinetcy.
69
Government's method of incentive for hybrids
offer full dollar tax credit to hybrid owners
70
Radon
Second biggest cause of cancer after smoking. Radon gas is emitted from decaying uranium and seaps up through soil
71
Step to reduce air pollution in house
Stop smoking, keep the house ventilated
72
Legionaires disease
Disease caused by sick building syndrome
73
antropogenic greenhouse gas
Carbond dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide
74
Increasing earth temperature will result in
changes in percipitation (wet areas getting more percipitation and dry areas getting less percipitation), increase in frequency and duration of storms, hot-tolerant species like mosqiuitos invading other habitats, marine ecosysem productivity will change
75
Methods of reacting to earth temperature
carbond sequestration, lowering emissions from engine, policy changes kyoto accord,
76
Urban environment vs rural
Urban environments are about 20 degrees warmer than rural areas surrounding. Due to the heat absorbing capacity of asphalt, buildings, concrete. Also do to deep pools of water created by run offs, the lower surface area results in less evaporation
77
Combat heat islands
Replace dark colored roofs with lighter colors that can reflect the light, also plant more trees in order to increase shade and take advantage of transpiration
78
Temperature inversion
The warm air in a city blocks the colder air pollutants from rising up into the atmosphere
79
Clean Water Act
Drinking water had to meet standards, as a result of the CWA more bodies of water were found sufficient for fishing and swimming. Also the anually loss of wetlands decreased
80
Dead zones
excess nutrients from runoffs on land cause of oxygen-poor water
81
eutrophication
allows phytoplankton to grow uncontrollaby. Then zooplankton feed on these phytoplankton. Both these species experience explosive growth. Once these species die bacteria metabolize more oxygen in order to decompose these species. This lack of oxygen creates a hypoxic zone. Result of nutrient rich warm water mixing with salt water
82
Hypoxic zone
Zone in water where the is no oxygen
83
Bodies of water and pollutants. Recovery time?
Major source of pollution is agriculture, then industrialization, the coal mining. Reservoirs, lakes, ponds are slow to recover from pollutants since the lack of flow prevents dilution of the pollutants. These pollutants undergo biomagnification in the foodchain
84
ground water and pollutants
groundwater usually lacks oxygen. Pourous rocks that surround the ground water absorb pollutants
85
Major causes of pollution in bodies of water
excess nutrients, organic waste, toxic waste (heavy metals, acid, petroleum), sendiment, hot or cold water, coliform bacteria, invasive species zebra muscles, thermal pollution
86
Tests for water quality
pH, hardness (concentration of calcium and magnesium), dissolved oxygen (warm water holds less oxygen than cold water), turbidity (density of particles suspended in the water), BOD (measure of the rate at which bacteria absorb O from water

APES (5 decks)

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