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AP Human Geography > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Rimland theory?

A
  • Spykman
  • Environmental determinism
  • Northern developed part of the world would always be more important
  • Disagreed with heartland
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2
Q

What is organic theory?

A
  • Ratzel
  • the state is like an organism attached to the earth that competes to survive
  • states need lebehsraum (living space)
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3
Q

Mercantilism

A

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

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4
Q

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A

The lending of massive amounts of money to peripheral and semi-peripheral countries with restriction strings attached.

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5
Q

What are majority minority districts?

A

districts where a majority of the population is from the minority

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6
Q

What are core processes?

A

incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology

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7
Q

What is the semi-periphery?

A

places where the periphery and the core processes are both occuring

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8
Q

World Trade Organization (WTO)

A

works to negotiate rules of trade among the member states

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9
Q

What is the heartland theory?

A
  • MArkinder
  • 1904 British american school
  • Control of the central part of Eurasia africa is crucial
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10
Q

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

A

An international economic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil

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11
Q

Stateless Nation

A

nation that does not have a state

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12
Q

Allocational/resource boundary dispute

A

Dispute over location and resources

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13
Q

What are the four steps in establishing boundaries?

A
  • define the boundary
  • cartographers delimit the boundary by drawing the map
  • demarcate the boundary physically
  • administrate the boundary (tolls)
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14
Q

What are centripetal forces?

A

forces within the state that unify the people

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15
Q

City-state

A

a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

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16
Q

Describe three devolutionary forces.

A

Spatial, economic, ethnocultural

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17
Q

What was the purpose of NATO?

A
  • military security

- to gain power for the US during the cold war

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18
Q

What is critical geopolitics?

A

the intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, these ideas influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices

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19
Q

What are physical/political boundaries?

A
  • natural political boundaries

- visible on the landscape

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20
Q

What was the purpose of the Warsaw Pact?

A

-to gain power during the cold war for USSR

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21
Q

State

A

a defined territory with a government, and a permanent population that is recognized by other states

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22
Q

Nation-state

A

a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space

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23
Q

When was the UN established? By whom?

A
  • after WW2

- 49 countries

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24
Q

What are three parts of world systems theory?

A
  • the world economy has one market and a global division of labor
  • although the world has multiple states almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy
  • the world economy has a three tier structure
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25
Who are the five permanent members of the security council?
China, Russia, US, UK, France
26
Nation
a culturally defined group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to a territory and have political goals
27
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
28
What are geometric boundaries?
-used the grid system such as latitude and longitude
29
Reapportionment
Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people
30
What is devolution?
the movement of power away form a centralized to regional forms of government
31
What are centrifugal forces?
forces within the state that divide people
32
What is a strong and weak federal system?
In a strong federal system regions have much control over government policies and opposite for weak
33
What the two types of devolution and an example of each?
- Devolution may occur through permanent reconstructing of constitutions- Slovakia - Devolution may evolve as an experiment to test the preparedness of an area
34
What is a federal system?
organizing state territory into regions, states or cantons
35
What is the sea power theory?
- Mayhan British - Nations that control the sea have power - 1890
36
What is a supranational organization?
a separate entity composed of three or more state that forge an association and form an administrative structure for the mutual benefit and pursuit of shared goals
37
World Bank
an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes
38
Balkanization
the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or uncooperative with one another. An example of balkanization is Yugoslavia
39
Territory
Area of land controlled by a nation.
40
Boundary
vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface
41
What is a perforated state? Ex?
- state within a state | - South Africa
42
balance of power
equal strength between opposing alliances of states
43
What is the biggest problem with elongated states? Ex?
- communication problems | - Chile
44
What is the theory of Pan regions?
- Hauschofer-German - Extension of Heartland - Northern core controls southern periphery
45
What is the policy of unilateralism?
only one state can be described as a superpower in the modern world
46
What is the greatest advantage of compact states? Ex?
- communication efficient | - Kenya
47
What is geopolitics?
a theoretical analysis of political activities that incorporates geography, power, and international relations
48
Territorial integrity
the right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states
49
Territoriality
the attempt by an individual or a group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area
50
What is a stateless nation?
the situation in which a clearly defined nation lacks the territorial integrity and sovereignty of a state
51
What is a multinational state?
a state with more than one nation inside of it's borders
52
Landlocked
surrounded entirely or almost entirely by land
53
What are definition boundary disputes?
-focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement -especially a problem if the boundary is defined by some natural characteristic -
54
What is Cohens theory?
- Maritime region-trade, US Japan Europe | - Euraisian continental real china russia
55
What is a locational boundary dispute?
the interpretation of the boundary from the map to the real world comes into dispute
56
What is multistate nation?
when a nation stretches across borders and across states
57
What are operational boundary disputes?
- different views on the operations and the function of the border between countries - focus on border migration and smuggling
58
What is the Air Power theory?
- de Seversky - whoever controls the skies would be the world power - focus on the north power
59
What is the is the reason for prorupted states? Ex?
- provides or prevents access | - Namibia, Oklahoma
60
Buffer state
a small neutral state between two rival powers
61
Democracy
the idea that the people are the ultimate sovereign
62
European Union
an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
63
What are periphery processes?
processes that incorporate lower levels of education lower salaries and less technology
64
What is the World system theory?
- Wallerstein 1970s | - Empires with a single political system
65
What is a fragmented state? Ex?
- discontinued, not connected - discontinued by water/ land - USA

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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