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APES > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

Earth Systems

1
Q

Core

A

The innermost zone of Earth’s interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It includes a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer

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2
Q

Mantle

A

The layer of Earth above the core, containing magma

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3
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock

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4
Q

Lithosphere

A

The outermost layer of Earth, including the mantle and crust

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5
Q

Crust

A

In geology, the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere

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6
Q

Hot Spots

A

An area where a column of hot material rises from deep within a planet’s mantle and heats the lithosphere above it, often causing volcanic activity at the surface

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7
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Large movable plates under the Earth’s surface

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8
Q

Oceanic Plates

A

thinner, dense, relatively young, basaltic

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9
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A

as oceanic plates move apart rising magma from new oceanic crust on the seafloor at the boundaries between those places

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10
Q

Subduction

A

A geological process in which one edge of a crustal plate is forced sideways and downward into the mantle below another plate

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11
Q

Divergent Boundary

A

A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other

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12
Q

Convergent Boundary

A

A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other

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13
Q

Transform Boundary

A

A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions

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14
Q

Continental Plates

A

A continental plate is a geologic plate in which most of the crust (the top rock layer is mostly land)

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15
Q

Fault Zone

A

large expanses of rock where movement has occurred, form in the brittle upper lithosphere where two plates meet

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16
Q

Earthquake

A

A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth’s crust or volcanic action

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17
Q

Epicenter

A

the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

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18
Q

Ring of Fire

A

famous pattern of volcanic and earthquake activity along the continental borders of the Pacific ocean

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19
Q

Richter Scale

A

numerical scale used to measure the magnitude or energy release of an earthquake. Every unit is 10 times greater than the next earthquake (<4 is insignificant, minor is 4-5, damaging is 5-6, destructive 6-7, and major 7-8, and great is <8)

20
Q

Minerals

A

olid crystalline chemical substances, form under specific temperatures and pressure, building blocks of rocks. inorganic, naturally occurring

21
Q

Rock Cycle

A

constant formation and destruction of rock, very slow

22
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

Formed by solidification of molten magma composed of interlocking crystals

23
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

occurring when particles of broken rock and organic materials are pressed and cemented together to form new rocks. Sediments are mud, sand, pebbles, shells, bones, leaves, and stems. Some rocks of this type can be sandstone, limestone, and gypsum

24
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

Made when heat, pressure, or fluids change one type of rock into another type of rock

25
Q

Physical Weathering

A

The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals

26
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rock, or both

27
Q

Erosion

A

Physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem

28
Q

Deposition

A

Accumulation of depositing of eroded material

29
Q

Ores

A

a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted

30
Q

Metals

A

An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy

31
Q

Known Reserves

A

resources known to be available for economic exploitation

32
Q

Strip Mining

A

Removal of strips of rock and soil to expose ore

33
Q

Tailings

A

Mining spoils

34
Q

Open-Pit Mining

A

Mining technique that uses a large pit or hole in the ground

35
Q

Subsurface Mining

A

Mining technique used when the desired resource is more than 100 m below the surface of Earth

36
Q

SMRCA Law

A

primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States

37
Q

Mining Spoils (tailings)

A

Unwanted waste material created during mining

38
Q

Mountaintop Removal

A

Mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives

39
Q

Mining law of 1872

A

United States federal law that authorizes and governs prospecting and mining for economic minerals, such as gold, platinum, and silver, on federal public lands

40
Q

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

A

primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United State

41
Q

Smelting

A

To extract metal from its ore by a process involving heating and melting

42
Q

Gangue

A

the commercially valueless material in which ore is found

43
Q

Spoil Banks

A

a bank of excavated refuse or waste earth, as of shale from surface coal mining

44
Q

Area Strip Mining

A

Surface mining technique in which a large area of soil and rock is removed at once

45
Q

Contour Strip Mining

A

Surface mining technique in which soil and rock is removed in strips

46
Q

Acid Mine Drainage

A

the acidic water that the when sulphide minerals are exposed to air and water and, through a natural chemical reaction, produce sulphuric acid

47
Q

Heap Leach Extraction

A

an industrial mining process to extract precious metals, copper, uranium, and other compounds from ore via a series of chemical reactions that absorb specific minerals and then re-separates them after their division from other earth materials

APES (10 decks)

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