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CogntivePsyc > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Inference

A

refers to the logical interpretations and conclusions that were never part of the original stimulus material

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2
Q

Semantic memory

A

our organized knowledge about the world

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3
Q

Episodic Memory

A

contains information about events that happen to us (personal experiences)

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4
Q

Category

A

a set of objects that belong together

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5
Q

Concept

A

your mental representations of a category

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6
Q

Situated Cognition Approach

A

we make use of information in the immediate environment or situation; as a result, our knowledge often depends on the context that surrounds us

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7
Q

Prototype

A

the item that is the best, most typical example of a category; the ideal representative of this category

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8
Q

Prototype Approach

A

you decide whether a particular item belongs to a category by comparing this item with a prototype

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9
Q

Prototypicality

A

the degree to which members of a category are representative of their category

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10
Q

Graded structure

A

categories begin with the most representative or prototypical members, and it continues on through the category’s nonprototypical members

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11
Q

Typicality effect

A

occurs when people judge typical items (prototypes) faster than items that are not typical (nonprototypes)

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12
Q

Semantic priming effect

A

people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning

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13
Q

Family resemblance

A

no single attribute is shared by all examples of a concept; however, each example has at least one attribute in common with some other example of the concept

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14
Q

Superordinate-level categories

A

higher-level or more general categories

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15
Q

Basic-level categories

A

moderately specific

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16
Q

Subordinate-level categories

A

lower-level or more specific categories

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17
Q

Exemplar approach

A

argues that we first learn information about some specific examples of a concept; then we classify each new stimulus be deciding how closely it resembles all of those specific examples

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18
Q

Exemplar

A

the term for each specific example of a concept stored in memory

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19
Q

Network models

A

propose netlike organization of concepts in memory, with numerous interconnections

20
Q

Node

A

one unit located within a network (each concept is represented as a node that gets activated when one sees or hears the name of a concept)

21
Q

Spreading activation

A

activation of a node expands or spreads from one node to other connected nodes

22
Q

ACT-R

A

an acronym for “Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational” –this approach attempts to account for a wide variety of tasks

23
Q

Declarative knowledge

A

knowledge about facts and things

24
Q

Propositional network

A

a pattern of interconnected propositions

25
Q

Proposition

A

the smallest unit of knowledge that people can judge to be either true of false
-propositions are abstract, and do not represent a specific set of words

26
Q

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach

A

proposes that cognitive processes can be represented by a model in which activation flows through networks that link together a large number of simple, neuron-like units

27
Q

Spontaneous generalization

A

using individual cases to draw inferences about general information
-accounts for some of the memory errors and distortions we experience and can also help explain stereotyping

28
Q

Default assignment

A

a guess based on information from other similar people or objects

29
Q

Connection weights

A

The connections between these neuron-like units are weighted, and these connection weights determine how much activation one unit can pass on to another unit. As you learn more information, the values of these weights will change.

30
Q

Graceful degradation

A

The brain’s ability to provide partial memory

31
Q

What is Graceful degradation closely related to?

A

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

32
Q

Schema

A

a generalized, well-integrated knowledge about a situation, an event, or a person

33
Q

Schema Therapy

A

the clinician and the client may work together in order to explore the client’s core beliefs and create appropriate new, more helpful strategies

34
Q

Script

A

a common kind of schema that is a simple, well-structured sequence of events in a specific order; associated with a highly familiar activity

35
Q

Life script

A

a list of events that a person believes would be most important throughout their lifetime

36
Q

Boundary extension

A

refers to our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown

37
Q

Abstraction

A

a memory process that stores the meaning of a message, rather than the exact words

38
Q

Verbatim memory

A

word-for-word recall

39
Q

False alarm

A

occurs when people “remember” an item that was not originally presented

40
Q

Constructive model of memory

A

people integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas. Later, they believe that they have already seen those complex sentences because they have combined the various facts in memory

41
Q

Pragmatic view of memory

A

people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals

42
Q

Memory integration

A

our background knowledge encourages us to take in new information in a schema-consistent fashion; as a result, people may remember this schema-consistent information, even though it was not part of the original stimulus material

43
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

beliefs and opinions that we associate with females and males

44
Q

Explicit memory task

A

directly instructs participants to remember information

45
Q

Implicit memory task

A

asks people to perform a cognitive task that does not directly ask for recall or recognition

46
Q

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A

based on the principle that people can mentally pair two related words together much more easily than they can pair two unrelated words

CogntivePsyc (12 decks)

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