Chapter 8

Question 1

Capacity= very large
Duration= 1-3 seconds
Contents= raw sensory data (encoded in same form as perceived)

a. Sensory Register
b. Recognition
c. Attention

Answer 1

Sensory Register

Question 2

Noting key features of a stimulus and relating them to already stored information

a. Sensory Register
b. Recognition
c. Attention

Answer 2

b. Recognition

Question 3

• selective focusing on a portion of the information currently stored in the sensory register
• what we attend to is influenced by knowledge schemes in long-term memory

a. Sensory Register
b. Recognition
c. Attention

Answer 3

c. Attention

Question 4

Capacity- 5 to 9 chunks of info (average of 7)
Duration- 20 to 30 seconds
Contents-what you are currently thinking about (short-term) and various cognitive processes (working)
Relationship to Achievement- differences in working memory related to differences in learning basic academic skills

a. Short Term Memory (working memory)
b. Rehearsal
c. Organization
d. Meaningfulness
e. Visual Encoding

Answer 4

a. Short Term Memory (working memory)

Question 5

Maintenance Rehearsal: (rote rehearsal, repetition) information is repeated over and over again with no effect on long-term memory storage
Elaborative Rehearsal: (elaborative encoding) new info is related to knowledge already stored in long-term memory
I.E. all children, especially younger ones, can benefit from being taught rehearsal techniques

a. Short Term Memory (working memory)
b. Rehearsal
c. Organization
d. Meaningfulness
e. Visual Encoding

Answer 5

b. Rehearsal

Question 6

Putting interrelated pieces of info into chunks
I.E. teachers can aid students by presenting material in logical chunks and by showing students how to organize information on their own

a. Short Term Memory (working memory)
b. Rehearsal
c. Organization
d. Meaningfulness
e. Visual Encoding

Answer 6

c. Organization

Question 7

When new material can be related to info in long-term memory
I.E teachers should mediate learning by relating new info to students cultural knowledge and by helping students to learn techniques of self-mediation

a. Short Term Memory (working memory)
b. Rehearsal
c. Organization
d. Meaningfulness
e. Visual Encoding

Answer 7

d. Meaningfulness

Question 8

Generating images in your mind of objects, ideas, and actions
I.E teachers should help students develop learning skills that incorporate visual imagery and other memory-aiding techniques
dual code theory: explains memory effect

a. Short Term Memory (working memory)
b. Rehearsal
c. Organization
d. Meaningfulness
e. Visual Encoding

Answer 8

e. Visual Encoding

Question 9

Capacity- virtually unlimited
Duration-permanent, long-term
Contents- schemata
How info is organized in long-term memory: as schemata, which are interested networks of associated ideas into new knowledge is assimilated

Answer 9

Long-term memory

Question 10

New material that was not adequately learned

a. Inadequate consolidation
b. Non-meaningful learning
c. Few opportunities for retrieval (use it or lose it)
d. Interference from other material
e. Lack of retrieval cues

Answer 10

a. Inadequate consolidation

Question 11

Material that cannot be related to existing schemes

a. Inadequate consolidation
b. Non-meaningful learning
c. Few opportunities for retrieval (use it or lose it)
d. Interference from other material
e. Lack of retrieval cues

Answer 11

b. Non-meaningful learning

Question 12

Material that is subject to few tests

a. Inadequate consolidation
b. Non-meaningful learning
c. Few opportunities for retrieval (use it or lose it)
d. Interference from other material
e. Lack of retrieval cues

Answer 12

c. Few opportunities for retrieval (use it or lose it)

Question 13

New material that is very similar to old material

a. Inadequate consolidation
b. Non-meaningful learning
c. Few opportunities for retrieval (use it or lose it)
d. Interference from other material
e. Lack of retrieval cues

Answer 13

d. Interference from other material

Question 14

Info that was part of the original material is not available later (encoding specificity principle)

a. Inadequate consolidation
b. Non-meaningful learning
c. Few opportunities for retrieval (use it or lose it)
d. Interference from other material
e. Lack of retrieval cues

Answer 14

e. Lack of retrieval cues

Question 15

what we know about how we think (i.e., attention, recognition, encoding, storage, and retrieval)

Answer 15

Metacognitive knowledge

Question 16

how those operations are used to achieve a learning goal

Answer 16

Metacognitive Skills

Question 17

What we know about how person variables, task variables, and strategy variables affect learning

a. Declarative
b. Conditional
c. Procedural

Answer 17

a. Declarative

Question 18

What we know about when and why we use certain cognitive processes in certain circumstances

a. Declarative
b. Conditional
c. Procedural

Answer 18

b. Conditional

Question 19

What we know about how to use various cognitive processes

a. Declarative
b. Conditional
c. Procedural

Answer 19

c. Procedural

Question 20

How does the information-processing view explain learning?

a. Learning is a function of what people do with the information they encounter.	
b. The more intelligent one is, the more one learns.	
c. People store information in particular parts of the brain.	
d. Learning occurs when people receive appropriate rewards.

Answer 20

a. Learning is a function of what people do with the information they encounter.

Question 21

Why is the information-processing view of learning considered constructivist?

a. Learning occurs in a straight line, step-by-step process.	
b. New information builds on what is already known.	
c. Learners construct accurate representations of what they see and hear.	
d. It emphasizes presenting material in small steps to build understanding of larger concepts.

Answer 21

b. New information builds on what is already known.

Question 22

What steps reflect the information-processing view of learning?
Choose 4

a. Attend to and recognize a stimulus.
b. Reject any stimulus that is not already encoded.
c. Transform the stimulus into a mental representation.
d. Compare the stimulus with information already in memory.
e. Assign meaning to the stimulus and act on it in some fashion.

Answer 22

a. Attend to and recognize a stimulus.
c. Transform the stimulus into a mental representation.
d. Compare the stimulus with information already in memory.
e. Assign meaning to the stimulus and act on it in some fashion.

Question 23

The multi-store model of information processing hypothesizes that memory stores:
Choose 4

a. vary in processes required to move information in and out.
b. vary in how long they hold information.
c. correspond to exact brain locations.
d. vary in how much information they hold.
e. include a sensory register, short-term store, and long-term store.

Answer 23

a. vary in processes required to move information in and out.
b. vary in how long they hold information.
d. vary in how much information they hold.
e. include a sensory register, short-term store, and long-term store.

Question 24

Why do the authors caution readers about “brain-based” methods of teaching and learning?

a. The brain is not efficient at processing information.	
b. Research on how neurological functions relate to classroom learning is lacking.	
c. As one becomes proficient, brain activity decreases.	
d. Different tasks activate different parts of the brain.

Answer 24

b. Research on how neurological functions relate to classroom learning is lacking.

Question 25

What control processes govern how information is encoded and flows between memory stores? Choose 4 a. recognition b. retrieval c. sensory register d. maintenance rehearsal e. elaborative rehearsal

Answer 25

a. recognition b. retrieval d. maintenance rehearsal e. elaborative rehearsal

Question 26

Why are control processes important to the multi-store model of information processing? Choose 3 a. Control processes determine the quantity of information stored and retrieved. b. Control processes can make learning less efficient. c. The learner decides whether, when, and how to employ control processes. d. Control processes determine the quality of information stored and retrieved. e. The learner rehearses information before it enters long-term memory.

Answer 26

a. Control processes determine the quantity of information stored and retrieved. c. The learner decides whether, when, and how to employ control processes. d. Control processes determine the quality of information stored and retrieved.

Question 27

What determines which stimuli people attend to? a. sights and sounds in the environment b. knowledge schemes already in memory c. the size of the sensory register d. attentional capacity

Answer 27

b. knowledge schemes already in memory

Question 28

How does short-term memory (STM) or working memory function? Choose 4 a. Chunking increases the capacity of short-term memory. b. STM holds five to nine unrelated bits of information for 20 seconds. c. STM includes encoding, organizing, and retrieving information. d. Working memory is that aspect of STM that actively processes information. e. Differences in working memory are unrelated to differences in basic skills.

Answer 28

a. Chunking increases the capacity of short-term memory. b. STM holds five to nine unrelated bits of information for 20 seconds. c. STM includes encoding, organizing, and retrieving information. d. Working memory is that aspect of STM that actively processes information.

Question 29

Which statement about maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal is accurate? a. Maintenance rehearsal results in the transfer of information to long-term memory. b. Maintenance rehearsal is based on the organization of information in the brain. c. Elaborative rehearsal meaningfully relates new information with old. d. Elaborative rehearsal results in information overload.

Answer 29

c. Elaborative rehearsal meaningfully relates new information with old.

Question 30

What makes distributed practice better than massed practice? Choose 3 a. Massed practice creates disorganized representations in long-term memory. b. Distributed practice uses regular intervals to consolidate memories. c. Quizzes provide feedback that stimulates recall and retention. d. Massed practice is better than distributed practice. e. Young children have insufficient schemata in long-term memory to “cram.

Answer 30

a. Massed practice creates disorganized representations in long-term memory. b. Distributed practice uses regular intervals to consolidate memories. c. Quizzes provide feedback that stimulates recall and retention.

Question 31

Younger children possess limited awareness of how their cognitive processes work and when to use metacognitive skills. a. True b. False

Answer 31

a. True

Question 32

What processes are included in metacognitive skills? Choose 4 a. determining and setting learning goals b. controlling and guiding effective learning goals c. creating plans for achieving learning goals d. monitoring progress toward learning goals e. evaluating how well learning goals have been achieved

Answer 32

a. determining and setting learning goals c. creating plans for achieving learning goals d. monitoring progress toward learning goals e. evaluating how well learning goals have been achieved

Question 33

How may technology best be used to assist information processing? a. having students use computers to design a virtual environment b. coping with information-processing limitations c. presenting text and pictorial information d. letting students participate in virtual environments

Answer 33

b. coping with information-processing limitations

Question 34

From an information-processing standpoint, what recommendations are made for using technology tools to teach science and math? a. Students should spend more time manually calculating and plotting data. b. Students should use technology to summarize, interpret, and evaluate data. c. Use the WISE website to help students memorize scientific information. d. Create word clouds in mathematics.

Answer 34

b. Students should use technology to summarize, interpret, and evaluate data.

Question 35

Information-processing theory rests on what assumptions? Choose 4 a. The absolute amount of information that humans can learn is limitless. b. The amount of information that can be processed at any stage is unlimited. c. The human information-processing system is interactive. d. Perception and attention influence what information is stored. e. Long-term memory influences what we attend to and encode.

Answer 35

a. The absolute amount of information that humans can learn is limitless. c. The human information-processing system is interactive. d. Perception and attention influence what information is stored. e. Long-term memory influences what we attend to and encode.

Question 36

According to information-processing theory, why might two different students learn different things from a lesson? a. The teacher did not properly plan the lesson. b. Some students do not pay attention to a lesson. c. Students are influenced by what they already know. d. Boys learn differently than girls.

Answer 36

c. Students are influenced by what they already know.

Question 37

The sensory register (SR): Choose 3 a. is the portion of the brain where sensory stimuli are stored. b. can be compared to a camera snapshot or short video. c. is where recognized sensory stimuli are transferred directly to long-term memory. d. holds information between one and three minutes. e. records environmental stimuli, such as visual, auditory, and tactile experiences.

Answer 37

a. is the portion of the brain where sensory stimuli are stored. b. can be compared to a camera snapshot or short video. e. records environmental stimuli, such as visual, auditory, and tactile experiences.

Question 38

When a stimulus is encountered, what cognitive process results in recognition? a. relating key features to already-stored memories b. noticing the physical features of the stimulus c. accessing relevant prior knowledge of physical features d. recalling the stimulus from long-term memory

Answer 38

a. relating key features to already-stored memories

Question 39

David Ausubel defines meaningful learning as a conscious association of new stimuli with experiences and ideas accumulated in long-term memory. a. True b. False

Answer 39

a. True

Question 40

What is the basic idea behind dual coding theory? a. Concrete information is remembered better than abstract information because it is encoded in two ways. b. New information takes twice as long to encode as familiar information. c. Abstract ideas are better remembered than concrete ideas because they take twice as long to encode in long-term memory. d. Learning ideas in pairs produces faster learning than learning them one at a time.

Answer 40

a. Concrete information is remembered better than abstract information because it is encoded in two ways.

Question 41

What instructional implications are derived from research on metacognition? a. Elementary school students have extensive metacognitive knowledge and skills. b. Preschool children understand how their mind works. c. Students can be encouraged to develop metacognitive skills and knowledge. d. Metacognitive knowledge and skills are beyond the reach of school-age children.

Answer 41

c. Students can be encouraged to develop metacognitive skills and knowledge.

Question 42

Metacognitive knowledge, what one knows about one’s own thinking, is made up of maintenance, elaborative, and organizational components. a. True b. False

Answer 42

b. False

Question 43

From an information-processing standpoint, what recommendations are made for using technology tools to teach writing? a. The prewriting phase is the most important one. b. Sharing ideas online gives students reasons to write. c. Blogs induce students to produce low quality writing. d. Blogs contain plagiarism and persuasive prose.

Answer 43

b. Sharing ideas online gives students reasons to write.

Question 44

What recommendations are made for using technology tools to teach reading? Choose 4 a. Listening to a CD-ROM storybook significantly increases vocabulary. b. Interactively clicking on words and illustrations enhances story comprehension. c. Electronic support systems are used around the world to improve reading. d. Online resources are available through the American Library Association. e. Electronic pronunciation and word definitions do not affect comprehension.

Answer 44

a. Listening to a CD-ROM storybook significantly increases vocabulary. b. Interactively clicking on words and illustrations enhances story comprehension. c. Electronic support systems are used around the world to improve reading. d. Online resources are available through the American Library Association.