Chapter 8. ADHD

Question 1

Alpha-2 receptor agonist

Answer 1

A class of medications sometimes used to treat ADHD in children; originally developed to treat hypertension in adults; guanfacine (Intuniv) is an example

Question 2

Amphetamines

Answer 2

A class of stimulant medications used to treat ADHD; increases the release of dopamine from presynaptic storage vesicles, resulting in more dopamine output to the synapse; Adderall and Dexedrine are examples

Question 3

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 3

A DSM-5 neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant inattention and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity that emerges prior to age 12 years, is present in two or more settings, and interferes with academic or social functioning

Question 4

ADHD, combined presentation

Answer 4

A presentation of ADHD characterized by significant inattentive and significant hyperactive–impulsive symptoms

Question 5

ADHD, predominantly hyperactive–impulsive presentation

Answer 5

A presentation of ADHD characterized by significant hyperactive–impulsive symptoms but sub-threshold problems with inattention; usually seen in younger children with ADHD

Question 6

ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation

Answer 6

A presentation of ADHD characterized by significant inattentive symptoms but sub-threshold problems with hyperactivity–impulsivity; usually seen in older children and adolescents with ADHD

Question 7

Barkley’s neurodevelopmental model (for ADHD)

Answer 7

A model for ADHD; suggests that ADHD is caused by underlying deficits in behavioral inhibition which impair the development of executive functioning

Question 8

Behavioral activation system (BAS)

Answer 8

According to Gray, a neuropsychological system responsible for approaching stimuli and adjusting behavior to achieve reinforcement

Question 9

Behavioral classroom management

Answer 9

An evidence-based treatment for ADHD in which teachers or educational specialists administer positive reinforcement to foster appropriate behavior at school; can be combined with peer interventions to improve social functioning

Question 10

Behavioral inhibition

Answer 10

The ability to inhibit immediate responses, especially responses that provide immediate gratification

Question 11

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Answer 11

According to Gray, a neuropsychological system responsible for slowing or stopping behavior in response to punishment or a lack of reinforcement

Question 12

Clinical behavior therapy

Answer 12

An evidence-based, behavioral treatment for ADHD in children; relies on monitoring and positive reinforcement for appropriate actions; consists of parent consultation, school consultation, and a combined home–school reward system

Question 13

Creative problem-solving

Answer 13

The capacity to analyze, manipulate, and combine ideas or objects in a novel way; an executive function important to directing one’s own behavior in anticipation of long-term reinforcement

Question 14

Daily report card

Answer 14

A daily record of children’s appropriate behavior at school, which can be monitored and rewarded by parents at home

Question 15

Default mode network

Answer 15

A neural pathway implicated in ADHD; consists of the medial prefrontal, parietal, and temporal lobes; active during daydreaming and mind-wandering

Question 16

Dopamine D4 and D5 receptor genes

Answer 16

Genes that regulate certain dopamine receptors; abnormalities in these genes may play a role in ADHD

Question 17

Dopamine transporter gene (DAT1)

Answer 17

A gene that regulates the reuptake of dopamine in the brain; abnormalities in this gene may play a role in ADHD

Question 18

Four basic executive functions

Answer 18

In Barkley’s neuro-developmental model of ADHD: working memory, internalized speech, emotion regulation, and creative problem-solving

Question 19

Frontal–striatal neural circuit

Answer 19

A brain pathway associated with ADHD; consists of the striatum and right prefrontal cortex

Question 20

Internalized speech

Answer 20

According to Vygotsky, children’s tendency to mentally rehearse the voice of adults as they practice overt actions; an executive function important to regulating one’s own behavior

Question 21

Mesolimbic neural circuit

Answer 21

A brain pathway associated with ADHD; consists of the (1) VTA and nucleus accumbens, (2) amygdala and hippocampus, and (3) prefrontal cortex

Question 22

Methylphenidate

Answer 22

A class of stimulant medications used to treat ADHD; slows the dopamine transporter system that removes dopamine from the cleft, allowing dopamine to remain in the cleft longer; Concerta and Ritalin are examples

Question 23

MOSAIC (Making Socially Accepting Inclusive Classrooms)

Answer 23

A brief classroom behavior management program designed to improve the social functioning of youths with ADHD

Question 24

Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA)

Answer 24

A large study comparing the effects of medication and behavior therapy for children with ADHD

Question 25

Nonshared environmental factors

Answer 25

Environmental factors experienced by one child but not his or her siblings (e.g., problems during gestation, peer rejection in elementary school)

Question 26

Normalization

Answer 26

A term used to describe the functioning of children who receive treatment and whose functioning is similar to that of children without disabilities or disorders

Question 27

Parent consultation

Answer 27

Sometimes called parent training; involves helping caregivers learn more effective ways to manage children’s ADHD signs and symptoms

Question 28

Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS)

Answer 28

A randomized controlled study showing that stimulant medication is efficacious in reducing ADHD symptoms in children age 3 to 5 years

Question 29

Psychostimulants

Answer 29

The most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD; affect dopamine and norepinephrine; increase attention and behavioral inhibition

Question 30

Right prefrontal cortex

Answer 30

An anterior brain region responsible for inhibition and impulse control (orbitofrontal region) and attention, organization, and planning (dorsolateral region)

Question 31

Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)

Answer 31

Nonstimulant medication used to treat ADHD; regulates the reuptake of neurotransmitters and regulates attention, behavior, and mood; atomoxetine (Strattera) is an example

Question 32

Sluggish cognitive tempo

Answer 32

A pattern of behavior characterized by daydreaming, mind-wandering, drowsy appearance, lethargy, social passivity, concentration problems, and inattention; frequently co-occurs with ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation

Question 33

Sociometric ratings

Answer 33

A method used to assess peer status among school-age children; youths rate classmates with whom they would most and least like to play

Question 34

Striatum

Answer 34

Part of the basal ganglia; consists of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus; regulates behavior in response to feedback from the environment

Question 35

Summer Treatment Program (STP)

Answer 35

An evidence-based, psychosocial treatment for children with ADHD; consists of immediate, positive reinforcement for appropriate behavior in the classroom, during social skills activities, and while playing sports