chapter 8 (alcohol)

Question 1

ethyl alcohol

Answer 1

product or fermentation of natural sugars. generally referred to simply as alcohol, although several types of nonethyl alcohol exist.

Question 2

fermentation

Answer 2

process of converting natural sugars to ethyl alcohol by the action of yeasts.

Question 3

brewing

Answer 3

process of producing beer from barley gin

Question 4

barley malt

Answer 4

barley after it has been soaked in water, sprouts have been grown, sprouts have been removed, and the mixture has been dried and crushed to a powder.

Question 5

mash

Answer 5

fermented barley malt, following liquefaction and combination with yeasts.

Question 6

distillation

Answer 6

process by which fermented liquid is boiled and cooled so that the condensed product contains a higher concentration of alcohol than before.

Question 7

distilled spirits/liquor

Answer 7

liquid product of distillation. alcohol content 40-50%.

Question 8

aqua vitae (“the water of life”)

Answer 8

a brandy. first distilled liquor in recorded history.

Question 9

oxidation

Answer 9

chemical process in alcohol metabolism.

Question 10

acetaldehyde

Answer 10

by-produc of alcohol metabolism, produced through action of alcohol dehydrogenase.

Question 11

alcohol dehydrogenase

Answer 11

enzyme in stomach and liver that converts alcohol into acetaldehyde.

Question 12

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Answer 12

enzyme in liver that converts acetaldehyde into acetic acid in alcohol metabolism.

Question 13

acetic acid

Answer 13

by-product of alcohol metabolism, produced through action of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 14

zero-order kinetics

Answer 14

metabolism of a drug that follows a constant rate. drug like alcohol will get broken down at a rate of about one drink per hour, regardless of blood alcohol concentration.

Question 15

first-order kinetics

Answer 15

metabolism of a drug that follows an exponential rate. half the drug concentration is always metabolized in a given time, regardless of the dosage.

Question 16

blood-alcohol concentration (BAC)

Answer 16

number of grams of alcohol in the blood relative to 100 millilitres of blood, expressed as a percentage.

Question 17

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 17

hormone that acts to reabsorb water in the kidneys prior to excretion from the body. alcohol inhibits.

Question 18

antidiuresis

Answer 18

condition resulting from excessive réabsorption of water in kidneys. occurs at peak of blood-alcohol concentrations.

Question 19

congeners

Answer 19

nonethyl alcohols, oils, and other organic substances found in trace amounts in some distilled spirits. thought to be responsible for some aspects of hangovers. toxic.

Question 20

blackout

Answer 20

amnesia concerning events occurring during the period of alcoholic intoxication, even though consciousness had been maintained at that time.

Question 21

balanced placebo design

Answer 21

experimental design that can distinguish psychological effects (due to subjective expectations) from physiological (due to pharmacology of drug).