Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
0
Q
Venules
A
Develop from the union of capillaries
1
Q
Arteries
A
Carry blood from the heart to all cells of the body
2
Q
Veins
A
Return blood to the heart
3
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
Portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis
4
Q
Leaflet
A
Flat, leaf shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents back flow of blood
5
Q
Lumen
A
Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
6
Q
Regurgitation
A
Back flow or ejecting of contents through an opening
7
Q
Sphincter
A
Circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening
8
Q
Vasoconstriction
A
Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of digests, medications, or physiological processes
9
Q
Vasodilation
A
widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
10
Q
Viscosity
A
State of being sticky or gummy
11
Q
Tunica extrema
A
Outer coat composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility
12
Q
Tunica media
A
Middle layer composed of smooth muscle
13
Q
Tunica intima
A
Thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel, composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel
14
Q
Arterioles
A
Smaller arteries
15
Q
Capillaries
A
Microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
16
Q
Valves
A
Small structures within veins that prevent the back flow of blood
17
Q
Pericardium
A
Sac where heart is found
18
Q
Endocardium
A
Serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and it’s valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins
19
Q
Myocardium
A
Muscular layer of the heart
20
Q
Epicardium
A
Outermost layer of the heart
21
Q
Atriums
A
Upper chambers of the heart that collect blood
22
Q
Ventricles
A
Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood from the heart
23
Q
Pulmonary circulation
A
Pumping blood into the lungs
24
Systematic circulation
Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body
25
Superior vena cava
One of the large veins that collects and carries blood from the upper body
26
Inferior vena cava
One of the large veins that collects and carries blood from the lower body
27
Aorta
Largest artery of the body
28
Aortic semilunar valve
Permits blood to flow In only one direction
29
Tricuspid valve
Consisting of thee leaflets
30
Pulmonic valve
Prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
31
Mitral valve
Structure consisting of two leaflets
32
Right coronary artery
Artery vascularizing the right side of the heart
33
Left coronary artery
Artery vascularizing the left side of the heart
34
Conduction tissue
Specialized cardiac tissue that initiates and spreads contraction impulses
35
Sinoatrial node
Posses its own intrinsic rhythm, has ability to initiate and propagate each heartbeat thereby setting the basic pace (pacemaker)
36
Atrioventricular node
Causes atria to contract
37
Bundle of His
Conduction of fibers that relays the impulse to the purkinje fibers
38
Purkinje fibers
Transmit the impulse to the right and left ventricles causing them to contract
39
Electrocardiograph
Records impulse transmission through the conduction system generates weak electrical impulses on the surface of the body on graph paper
40
P wave
Depolarization (contraction) of the atria
41
QRS complex
Depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles
42
T wave
Repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles
43
Blood pressure
Force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat
44
Systole
Contraction phase of BP
45
Diastole
Relaxation phase of BP
46
Sphygmomanometer
Measures BP and records it Asa two figures separated by a diagonal line
47
Aneurysm
Widened blood vessel
48
Angi
Vessel
49
Vascul
Vessel
50
Ather
Fatty plaque
51
Hemangi
Blood vessel
52
My
Muscle
53
Phleb
Vein
54
Scler
Hardening
55
Sphygm
Pulse
56
Thromb
Blood clot
57
Sten
Narrowing, stricture
58
Vas
Vessel
59
Angina
Chest pain
60
Dyspnea
Breathing difficulties
61
Arrhythmias
Cardiac irregularities
62
Arteriosclerosis
Progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle commonly caused by buildup of plaque like substances composed of lipids
63
Embolus
Thrombus dislodges and travels through the vascular system
64
Infarct
Arterial emboli that completely block circulation cause localized tissue death
65
Ischemia
Partial blocking of circulation causes localized tissue anemia
66
Hyperlipidemia
Elevated level of fatty substances in the blood
67
Endarterectomy
Occulting material and plaque are removed from the innermost layer of The artery
68
Coronary artery disease
Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium
69
Diaphoresis
Profuse sweating
70
Tachycardia
Abnormal rapid heart rate
71
Bradycardia
Abnormal slow heart rate
72
Stent
Hollow, then mesh tube that keeps things open
73
Vegetation
Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream (bacteremia) may lodge in the weakened heart tissue and from small masses
74
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and it's valves
75
Prophylactic treatment
Patients who are susceptible to endocarditis are given antibiotic treatment to protect against infection before invasive procedures
76
Varicose veins
Enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins that develop when valves of veins don't function properly and fail to prevent backflow of blood
77
Edema
Excess fluid seeps from the vein
78
Telangiectases
Spider veins
79
Phlebitis
Vein inflammation
80
Myxoma
Mucous connective tissue
81
Arthralgia
Joint pain
82
Angina
Mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by inadequate blood glow to the myocardium
83
Arrhythmia
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart
84
Bradycardia
Arrhythmia in which the heart beats abnormally slowly, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute
85
Fibrillation
Arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of he myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
86
Heart block
Arrhythmia in which there is an interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
87
Tachycardia
Arrhythmia in which there is a feat but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats per minute
88
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity
89
Atherosclerosis
Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit if plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries
90
Carotid artery disease
Narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke
91
Bruit
Soft blowing sound on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both (murmur)
92
Cardiomyopathy
Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardia function
93
Coarctation
Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
94
Embolism
Condition in which a mass becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow
95
Hyperlipidemia
Excessive amounts of lipids in the blood
96
Hypertension
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90
97
Hypotension
Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60
98
Infarction
Localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply
99
Ischemia
Local, temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction
100
Mitral valve prolapse
Structural defect in which the bicuspid valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
101
Palpitation
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
102
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs
103
Syncope
Partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain (fainting)
104
Thrombosis
Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
105
Deep vein thrombosis
Blood clog that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs
106
Defibrillation q
Electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life threatening Arrhythmias
107
Cardioversion
Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat Arrhythmia and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm
108
Sclerotherapy
Injection of a chemical irritant into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein
109
Thrombolysis
Destruction of a blood clot using anti logging agents called clot busters such as tissue plasminogen activator
110
Angioplasty
Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow
111
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow
112
Biopsy
Removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes
113
Catheter ablation
Special machine delivers energy through the catheter to tiny areas of the heart muscle that cause the abnormal heart rhythm
114
Commissurotomy
Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact
115
Coronary artery bypass graft
Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscles
116
Embolectomy
Removal of the embolus
117
Endarterectomy
Removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specifically designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device
118
Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator insertion
Implantation of a battery powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the hear in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death
119
Laser ablation
Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins
120
Open heart surgery
Surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart lung machine
121
Stent placement
Placement if a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent of counteract a disease induced, localized flow constriction
122
Valvotomy
Incision of a valve to increase the side of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis
123
Cardiac catheterization
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
124
Electrophysiology study
Procedure used to determine the cause of life threatening cardiac Arrhythmias by mapping the hearts conduction system in a patent with an arrhythmia
125
Electrocardiography
Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
126
Holter monitor test
ECG taken with a small portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings
127
Stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions
128
Cardiac enzyme studies
Blood tests that measures the presence and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, including troponin t, troponin I, and creatine kinase
129
Lipid panel
Series of blood tests used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
130
Angiography
Radio graphic image of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium
131
Magnetic resonance imaging
Noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than and X-ray beam to procedure highly detailed, multiplanar, cross sectional views of soft tissues
132
Multiple gated acquisition
Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate
133
Nuclear perfusion study
Test used in conjunction with a stress test of detect the presence of coronary artery disease that is causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries
134
Ultrasonography
High frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure
135
Doppler
Ultrasonography used to asses blood flow through blood vessels and the heart
136
Echocardiography
Ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures produce images of the heart and asses cardiac output
137
Venography
Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filing of a vein indicating an obstruction
138
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of an inactive enzyme to a potent vasoconstrictor
139
Antiarrhythmics
Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac Arrhythmias by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
140
Beta blockers
Block the effect of adrenaline which slows nerve pulses through the heart causing a decrease in heart rate
141
Calcium channel blockers
Block movement of calcium into myocardial cells and arterial walls causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
142
Diuretics
Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium
143
Nitrates
Dilate blood vessels of the heart causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium and widen blood flow to the heart
144
Statins
Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking enzyme that produces it
145
Vasodilators
Reduce blood pressure by relaxing the smooth muscle in blood vessels particularly in the large arteries, arterioles, and large veins which decrease vascular resistance
