Chapter 8: Circulation and Immunity

Question 1

Circulatory System

Answer 1

The transportation system. It is made of three main components: the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Question 2

Atria

Answer 2

The two top chambers that fill with blood returning either from the body or the lungs.

Question 3

Ventricles

Answer 3

The two bottom chambers; they receive blood from the atria and pump it out to either the body or the lungs.

Question 4

Septum

Answer 4

Thick muscular wall that separates the atria and ventricles from one another.

Question 5

Vena Cavea

Answer 5

Two large vessels that deliver oxygen-poor blood to the right side of the heart. The superior vena cava collects oxygen poor- blood from tissues in the head, chest and arms. The inferior vena cava collects oxygen-poor blood coming from tissues from elsewhere in the body.

Question 6

Pulmonary Arteries

Answer 6

From the right ventricle oxygen-poor blood is sent through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for gas exchange.

Question 7

Pulmonary Veins

Answer 7

Oxygen rich blood flows from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atria.

Question 8

Aorta

Answer 8

From the left ventricle all the blood going to the body tissues leaves through the Aorta.

Question 9

Valves

Answer 9

The doorways that ensure that blood flows in the correct direction. The atrioventricular vale on the right side is called the tricuspid and the atrioventricular valve on the left side is called the bicuspid.

Question 10

Arteries

Answer 10

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

Question 11

Veins

Answer 11

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood toward the heart.

Question 12

Capillaries

Answer 12

The smallest blood vessels where gases, nutrients, and other materials are transferred to tissue cells and wastes including gases move into the blood.

Question 13

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Answer 13

A bundle of specialized muscle tissue found in the wall of the right atrium that stimulate cardiac muscle cells to contract and relax rhythmically.

Question 14

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Answer 14

A bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium; receives electrical stimulus from the SA node and transmits the impulse over the walls of the ventricles to stat their contraction.

Question 15

Blood Pressure

Answer 15

The pressure blood exerts against the vessel walls as it passes through.

Question 16

Systolic Pressure

Answer 16

The maximum pressure during the ventricular contraction.

Question 17

Diastolic Pressure

Answer 17

The lowest pressure before the ventricles contract again.

Question 18

Pulmonary Pathway

Answer 18

The pathway that transports oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

Question 19

Systemic Pathway

Answer 19

The pathway that moves the oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body tissues.

Question 20

Coronary Pathway

Answer 20

Provides blood to the muscle tissue of the heart itself.

Question 21

Plasma

Answer 21

The fluid portion of the blood.

Question 22

Formed Portion

Answer 22

The solid portion of the blood. Consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Question 23

Red Blood Cells or Erythrocyte

Answer 23

The blood cell that contains the respiratory protein hemoglobin and is specialized for oxygen transport.

Question 24

Hemoglobin

Answer 24

Found in red blood cells, contains iron and carries oxygen.

Question 25

White Blood Cells or Leucocytes

Answer 25

Colourless blood cell that protects the body from infection by way of the immune response and plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation.

Question 26

Platelets

Answer 26

Fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart. Play a key role in blood clotting.

Question 27

Vasodilation

Answer 27

Expansion of the blood vessels. Vasodilation near the skin brings more blood to the surface to help reduce body temperature.

Question 28

Vasoconstriction

Answer 28

A decrease in the diameter of the blood vessels. Vasoconstriction near the skin converses body heat.

Question 29

Interstitial Fluid

Answer 29

Fluid that surrounds all cells in the body.

Question 30

Hemophilia

Answer 30

A life threatening disorder that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood.

Question 31

Leukemia

Answer 31

Cancer of the white blood cells. Two main types are myeloid and lymphoid.

Question 32

Lymphatic Circulatory System

Answer 32

A network of vessels with associated glands and nodes that extend throughout the body.

Question 33

Lymph

Answer 33

Interstitial fluid that is carried throughout the body in the lymphatic system.

Question 34

Non-specific Defences or Cell Mediated Immunity

Answer 34

Non-specific component of the immune system that involves the activation of white blood cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes) rather than the production of antibodies.

Question 35

Phagocytosis

Answer 35

The process by which a cell ingests another cell.

Question 36

Macrophages

Answer 36

White blood cell that that develops from a monocyte and does phagocytosis.

Question 37

Immunity

Answer 37

How the body protects itself from foreign substances by using antibodies to recognize and destroy the foreign substances. Foreign substances are disease causing agents and such.

Question 38

Specific Defences or Antibody-mediated Immunity

Answer 38

Part of the immune system that activates lymphocytes and the release of antibodies to fight specific antigens.

Question 39

Antibodies

Answer 39

Proteins that recognize recognize foreign substances in the body and neutralize or destroy them.

Question 40

Lymphocyte

Answer 40

Type of white blood cell involved in specific and nonspecific defence. Two types are B and T cells.

Question 41

B Cells

Answer 41

Lymphocyte that is activated by a specific antigen to produce memory B cells and plasma cells.

Question 42

T Cells

Answer 42

Lymphocyte that is primarily responsible for specific defence. Activates immune cells, destroys invading pathogens, suppression of cellular immunity, promotes immune response upon reinfection.

Question 43

Antigens

Answer 43

Molecule found on the surface of cells and pathogens. Used to ID.

Question 44

Helper T Cells

Answer 44

Upon recognizing an antigen gives off chemical signals that stimulate certain immune cells.

Question 45

Killer T Cells

Answer 45

Binds with infected cells and destroys them by puncturing a hole in their membrane.

Question 46

Suppressor T Cell

Answer 46

Slows the immune response to ensure that healthy tissues are not destroyed.

Question 47

Memory T Cell

Answer 47

Carries receptors for specific antigens that have been encountered before.

Question 48

ABO System

Answer 48

Classification system for blood. The presence or absence of type A or B antigens on red blood cells determines the type.

Question 49

Rh Factor

Answer 49

Group of antigens found in most red blood cells. With Rh is + without is -.