Chapter 8: Emotion And Motivation

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

Short-term state that includes special feelings and physical actions that prepares people for action

Question 2

Feelings

Answer 2

• Hard to describe
• Studied carefully by measuring how close people say one feeling is to another

Question 3

Appraisals

Answer 3

Our emotions come from how we judge what happened, which makes different people behave in different ways.

Question 4

Action tendencies

Answer 4

Ready to do a certain set of actions that are related to emotions

Question 5

James-Lange theory

Answer 5

Stimuli trigger activity in the ANS which in return produces an emotional experience in the brain

Question 6

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 6

Thought emotions occurred at the same time as, but independently of, physiological activity

Question 7

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer’s two-factor theory

Answer 7

Stimuli triggers a general state of physiological arousal, which then is interpreted as a specific emotion

Question 8

Amygdala

Answer 8

Plays an important role in emotion; threat detector

Question 9

The Fast Pathway

Answer 9

Thalamus —> Amygdala
(Stimulus) (Experience of fear)

Question 10

The Slow Pathway

Answer 10

Thalamus —> Cortex —> Amygdala
(Stimulus) (Experience of fear)

Question 11

Emotional Expression

Answer 11

Observable sign of an emotional state (facial expressions, voice)

Question 12

Universality hypothesis

Answer 12

All emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times

Question 13

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 13

Emotional expressions can make you feel the emotional experience they represent

Question 14

Deceptive expression

Answer 14

We can control (to some extent) our expression of emotion

Question 15

Lying

Answer 15

Telling lies affect verbal and nonverbal behaviour

Question 16

Display rule

Answer 16

rules for how people should show how they feel in their own communities

Question 17

Motivation

Answer 17

Internal causes of purposeful behaviour

Question 18

Drives

Answer 18

Internal state generated by physiological needs

Question 19

Homeostasis

Answer 19

Tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state

Question 20

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 20

Suggests that organisms are motivated to reduce their drives or needs

Question 21

Hedonic principle

Answer 21

all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

Question 22

Primary motivation

Answer 22

Is to feel good rather than bad

Question 23

Emotional regulation

Answer 23

using different mental and physical strategies to change how someone feels

Question 24

Reappraisal

Answer 24

Changing the way you think/judge about something

Question 25

Hunger

Answer 25

Humans are motivated to eat to convert food to energy

Question 26

Orexigenic

Answer 26

Switches on the experience of hunger

Question 27

Anorexigenic

Answer 27

Switches off the experience of hunger

Question 28

Binge-Eating Disorder

Answer 28

Recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating large number of calories in a short time

Question 29

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 29

Binge eating followed by excessive exercising

Question 30

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 30

Intense fear of being fat, resulting in severe restriction of food intake

Question 31

Obesity causes

Answer 31

BMI of 30+ - caused by genes, environmental toxins, lack of exercise and overeating

Question 32

Metabolism

Answer 32

Rate at which energy is used by the body (reduces fat)

Question 33

Sexual desire

Answer 33

Desire for sex is necessary for survival of DNA

Question 34

Human sexual response cycle

Answer 34

Stages of physiological arousal durning sexual activity

Question 35

Biological motivations

Answer 35

Food, sex, oxygen and sleep that are shared with animals

Question 36

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 36

Motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding (eating fries)

Question 37

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 37

Motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but lead to a reward (exams, homework)

Question 38

The overjustification effect

Answer 38

people who are rewarded for a behaviour become less motivated to repeat it

Question 39

Conscious motivation

Answer 39

Motivation in which one is aware of

Question 40

Unconscious motivation

Answer 40

Motivation in which one is not aware of

Question 41

Achievement motivation

Answer 41

Motivation to experience positive outcomes

Question 42

Avoidance motivation

Answer 42

Motivation to not experience negative outcomes

Question 43

Loss aversion

Answer 43

Tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal size gains

Question 44

Terror management theory

Answer 44

A theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own death