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NPP > Chapter 8: Glutamate & GABA > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Glutamate & GABA Flashcards

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1
Q

Glutamate (Glu) is the main […] in the CNS.

A

excitatory NT

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2
Q

Glu is the […] form of glutamic acid.

A

ionized

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3
Q

Glutamatergic neurons use […] as an NT and are one of the most […] neural populations in the brain particularly through the […].

A

glutamate; abundant; cortex

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4
Q

Describe glutamate synthesis:

A

synthesized from glutamine by enzyme known as glutaminase

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5
Q

Is ATP required for glutamate synthesis?

A

yes

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6
Q

T/F: Glutamate can be co-expressed.

A

true

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7
Q

Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area typically co-express…

A

dopamine and glutamate

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8
Q

What are VGLUTs?

A

vesicular glutamate transporters

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9
Q

Role of VGLUTs:

A

move glutamate into synaptic vesicles

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10
Q

VGLUTs are only found in […] neurons. This means they serve as […].

A

glutamatergic; genetic markers

**identify the type of neurons

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11
Q

List the VGLUTs types:

A

VGLUT1-3

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12
Q

VGLUT1 removed in KO mice:

A

survive birth but begin to die during the third week of life

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13
Q

VGLUT2 removed in KO mice:

A

die immediately after birth

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14
Q

VGLUT3 removed in KO mice:

A

viable, but completely deaf; the inner hair cells of the cochlea use glutamate as a NT

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15
Q

EAATs:

A

excitatory amino acid transporters

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16
Q

Roles of EAATs:

A

remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft

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17
Q

Where are EAATs located?

A

different locations

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18
Q

EAATs have a partnership with […].

A

astrocytes

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19
Q

EAATs on astrocytes mediate […]. Astrocytes convert […] into […] by […] synthetase. […] is transported out of astrocytes and back into neurons.

A

glutamate uptake; glutamate; glutamine; glutamine synthetase; glutamine

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20
Q

EAAT2 removed in KO mice:

A

exhibit spontaneous epileptic seizures and die after 2-3 weeks of age

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21
Q

List the ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs):

A
  1. AMPA receptors
  2. kainate receptors
  3. NMDA receptors
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22
Q

List the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus):

A

Group I-III

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23
Q

AMPA receptors = named for the selective agonist […]

Kainate receptors = named for the selective agonist […]

NMDA = named for the agonist […]

A

AMPA (a synthetic AA)

kainic acid

NMDA (a synthetic AA)

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24
Q

Metabotropic glutamate receptors: What are the Group I receptors? Where are they located (pre/post)?

A

mGlu 1 and 5

mainly postsynaptic

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25
Metabotropic glutamate receptors: What are the Group 2 receptors? Where are they located (pre/post)?
mGlu 2 & 3 mainly presynaptic
26
Metabotropic glutamate receptors: What are the Group 3 receptors? Where are they located (pre/post)?
mGlu 4, 6, 7, 8 mainly presynaptic
27
AMPA receptors are also known as...
GluR and GluA
28
AMPA receptors have [...] subunits: GluR[...].
4; 1-4
29
AMPA subunits form [...]. The most common ones in the adult mammalian CNS are GluA 2/3 and [...].
dimers; GluA 1/2
30
[...] blocks AMPA and kainate, but not NMDA receptors.
NBQX
31
Rats treated wth NBQX exhibit sedations, [...], and protection against [...].
ataxia (reduced locomotion); seizures
32
NMDA receptors provide ion flow for both [...] and [...].
Na+; Ca2+
33
NMDA receptors are also known as ...(2).
NMDA or GluN
34
Opening of the channel with NMDA receptors requires [...] and [...].
co-agonists; depolarization
35
What are the co-agonists that are required for NMDA receptors?
glutamate and glycine/D-serine
36
Depolarization at a NMDA receptor expels...
Mg2+ blockage (pore blocker)
37
All drugs that block the NMDA channel are [...].
non-competitive agonists
38
Drugs of abuse that block the NMDA channel:
1. PCP 2. ketamine 3. memantine
39
How many subunits for metabotropic glutamate receptors?
8
40
Metabotropic glutamate receptors use [...] and [...].
G-proteins; second messengers
41
Metabotropic Glu receptors: Some subunits inhibit [...]. Some subunits activate [...].
cAMP; IP3/DAG
42
Metabotropic Glu receptors: Some subunits act as pre-synaptic [...] to inhibit [...] release.
autoreceptors; glutamate
43
T/F: mGluRs are widely distributed throughout the brain.
true
44
Which type of drugs is being developed to treat the neuropsychiatric disorder known as fragile X syndrome?
mGluR drugs
45
Group I of metabotropic glutamate receptors (Gs/Gi/Gq)?
Gq
46
Group II of metabotropic glutamate receptors (Gs/Gi/Gq)?
Gi
47
Group III of metabotropic glutamate receptors (Gs/Gi/Gq)?
Gi
48
What is GABA?
the main inhibitory amino acid transmitter in the CNS
49
What is similar to GABA? How much of the spinal cord utilizes this NT?
glycine; 1/2 of the inhibitory synapses use glycine
50
T/F: Inhibitory NT is just as important as excitatory.
true; blocking GABA receptors results in convulsions and death
51
GABA synthesis occurs from the conversion of [...] to GABA by the [...] enzyme.
glutamate; glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
52
Only [...] neurons have GAD.
GABAergic
53
Can just any neuron synthesize GAD?
no only GABAergic neurons can
54
Drugs that affect GABA synthesis typically block [...].
GAD
55
Drugs that block GAD:
1. allyglycine 2. thiosemicarbazide 3. 3-mercaptopropionic acid
56
What are VGATs?
vesicular GABA transporters
57
What is the role of VGATs?
transporters to move GABA into vesicles
58
What are some other names for VGATs?
VIAATs (vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporters) **they also transport glycine
59
What are GATs?
GABA transporters
60
What is the role of GATs?
transporters to remove GABA from the synaptic cleft
61
What is one drug that affects GATs?
tiagabine
62
Tiagabine affects GATs by... it results in...
selectively inhibiting GAT-1 this elevates the EC GABA
63
Tigabine is marketed as [...] for treating [...].
Gabitirl; epilepsy
64
GABA-T stands for...
GABA aminotransferase
65
GABA-T [...] GABA back to [...] (and succinate) in GABAergic neurons and astrocytes.
metabolizes; glutamate
66
What is the name of the drug that affects GABA-T?
Vigabatrin (Sabril)
67
Viagabatrin is a [...] of GABA-T that prevents GABA [...]. Build up of GABA levels in the brain has [...] effects, thus, it is used to treat forms of [...].
irreversible inhibitor; metabolism; anticonvulsant; epilepsy
68
GABA can be coreleased by many neuron types, including those that produce... (6)
1. ACh 2. DA 3. SOM, SST 4. PV 5. CCK 6. VIP etc.
69
T/F: Populations of neurons co-release GABA and glutamate.
true SOME populations can
70
Co-releasing GABA and glutamate can allow [...] of postsynaptic responses.
fine-tuning
71
How much (%) of cortical neurons use GABA as a NT?
10-20%
72
How much (%) of the hippocampus neurons are GABAergic?
10-40%
73
Hippocampus is important for [...].
memory function
74
How much (%) of the substantia nigra neurons are GABAergic?
40-60%
75
Substantia Nigra is the...
midbrain DA center
76
Locations where GABA is found:
1. cortex 2. hippocampus 3. substantia nigra 4. basal ganglia 5. micro/macro circuits
77
Microcircuits are [...] brain regions while macrocircuits are [...] brain regions.
within; between
78
GABAergic neurons of the striatum (STR) project to the [...] and [...].
globus pallidus (GP); substantia nigra (SN)
79
When [...] input to the stratum is damaged in Parkinson's disease, the result is abnormal firing of striatal GABAergic neurons.
DA
80
GABAa receptors are...
ionotropic
81
GABAa channels allow [...] ions into neurons. This causes [...] and [...] of postsynaptic cells.
Cl-; hyperpolarization; inhibition
82
Each GABAa receptor has [...] subunits of four types.
5
83
GABAb receptors are...
metabotropic
84
GABAb receptors require [...] subunits to assemble in the membrane.
2
85
GABAb receptors have inhibitory effects on postsynaptic cells by inhibiting [...] and [...] opening.
cAMP; K+ channel
86
A classic agonist for GABAa is [...].
muscimol
87
[...] is a competitive antagonist for GABAa receptors.
Bicuculline
88
Bicuculline is a competitive antagonist for GABAa receptor. It [...] the binding site and has potent [...] effects.
blocks; convulsant
89
GABAa reacts to CNS [...] drugs.
depressant
90
Barbituates, benzodiazepines, ethanol and GABAa:
potentiating the effects of GABA NT on GABAa receptors **positive allosteric modulation
91
Agonist for GABAb receptor:
baclofen
92
Antagonists for GABAb receptors: Are they competitive?
saclofen and 2-hydroxysaclofen yes
93
Functions of GABAb in the CNS
1. learning and memory 2. anxiety-like behaviors 3. depression-like behaviors 5. responses to drugs of abuse

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