Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NPP > Chapter 5: Catecholamines > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Catecholamines Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

NE or DA: Working memory, behavior, motivation.

A

DA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

NE or DA: Sustained attention/alertness, response to environmental stimuli

A

NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

NE or DA: Attention.

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adrenaline refers to…

A

NE and EPI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adrenergic/nonadrenergic refer to…

A

NE and EPI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dopaminergic refers to…

A

DA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Secretion of NE and EPI:

A

NE: adrenal medulla or brain (LC)

EPI: adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Secretion of DA:

A

within the brain, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or the substantia nigra (SN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Catecholamine synthesis begins with […] AA.

A

tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dopaminergic neurons have tyrosine […] and […] AA […].

A

hydroxylase (TH); aromatic; decarboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nonadrenergic neurons have…

A

TH, AADC, and DBH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the importance of TH in regards to synthesis?

A

TH is the rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway and determines the overall rate of DA and NE synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Activity of TH is regulated by several factors:

A
  1. stress; NE neurons are highly active and stimulates TH for synthesis
  2. cell firing; stimulates TH through phosphorylation of the enzyme by 2nd messengers and protein kinases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Catecholamine synthesis can be increased by administering […] such as tyrosine or […].

A

precursor; L-DOPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tyrosine and L-DOPA are used to treat…

A

Parkinson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What blocks and prevents TH synthesis?

A

AMPT: alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Beta-hydroxylase is present only in cells that use […] as a NT.

A

NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F: Catecholamines are packaged into vesicles.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What transports the vesicles containing catecholamines?

A

VMAT: vesicular monoamine transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

VMAT can be blocked by the drug […].

A

reserpine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If DA and NE are not protected in vesicles, […] occurs, their […] which causes strong […] and […].

A

breakdown; levels drop; sedation; depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Catecholamine theory of depression: Administration of DOPA could…

A

reverse the effects of strong sedation, depression, and breakdown of DA and NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Catecholamines are normally released by […] when a […] reaches the axon terminal.

A

exocytosis; nerve impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Drugs that affect the release of catecholamines:

A

amphetamine and methamphetamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
At low doses of amphetamine/methamphetamine...
increased locomotor activity
26
At higher doses of amphetamine/methamphetamine...
stereotyped behaviors | repetitive head and limb movements, intense sniffing, licking, biting
27
[...] inhibit catecholamine release (receptor).
autoreceptors
28
Autoreceptors found on catecholamine neurons enhance to opening of [...].
K+ voltage-gated channels
29
Autoreceptors open voltage gates that reduce the [...] via VGCCS and thus [...].
Ca2+ influx; vesicle exocytosis
30
Somatodendritic autoreceptors inhibit NT release indirectly by...
reducing the rate of firing of the cell
31
``` VGCCs = [...] VDCCs = [...] ```
voltage gated calcium channels voltage dependent calcium channels
32
Does neuron firing patterns influence catecholamine release? If so say how.
yes; by two modes 1. single-spiking mode 2. burst-spiking mode
33
Single-spiking mode:
cell generates action potentials that appear at irregular intervals
34
Burst-spiking mode:
involved trains of 2-20 spikes at a higher frequency
35
Single-spiking mode of neuron firing pattern can also be called:
tonic release of DA
36
Bursts-spiking mode of neuron firing pattern can also be called:
phasic release of DA
37
The DA autoreceptor: The NE autoreceptor:
D2 subtype alpha2 subtype
38
Mutant mice with no D2 autoreceptors were [...] and [...] to cocaine.
more active; more sensitive
39
What do drug autoreceptor agonists do?
inhibit catecholamine release
40
What do drug autoreceptor antagonists do?
enhance catecholamine release
41
Clonidine [...] autoreceptors and [...] NE release. [...] withdraw symptoms and drug cravings in opioid-dependent patients.
stimulates; decreases; decreases
42
Yohimbine [...] autoreceptors and thus [...] NE release. [...] withdraw symptoms and drug cravings in opioid-dependent patients.
block; increases; increases
43
Reuptake of catecholamines:
DA and NE move from the synaptic cleft into the nerve terminal via membrane transporters
44
Breakdown of catecholamines involved which 3 methods?
1. enzyme-mediated breakdown 2. COMT inhibitors 3. MAO inhibitors
45
What are the two mechanisms of catecholamine inactivations
1. reuptake of catecholamines | 2. breakdown of catecholamines
46
Dopamine neurons originate in which two brain regions?
1. substantia nigra (SN) | 2. ventral tegmental area (VTA)
47
DA forms several pathways with distinct functions, some of them include (3)...
1. nigrostriatal 2. mesolimbic 3. mesocortical
48
Nigrostriatal pathway: axons from [...] extend to the [...].
SN; caudate-putamen
49
The function of the nigrostriatal pathway: Damage to this can lead to what disease?
facilitates voluntary movement Parkinson's
50
Mesolimbic pathway: From [...] to the [...]. Also from [...] to various regions of the limbic system, including the [...] and amygdala.
VTA; nucleus accumbens; VTA; hippocampus * *nucleus accumbens (NAc) * *hippocampus (HPC) * *amygdala (AMYG)
51
Function of mesolimbic pathway (2):
NAc projection: reward learning HPC/AMYG: learning, anxiety, depression
52
Mesocortical pathway: From [...] to [...].
VTA; cortical areas
53
Cortical areas consist of what two cortexes?
prefrontal and cingulate
54
Function of mesocortical pathway:
aversive learning
55
The best-known role for DA is [...].
reward learning
56
T/F: VTA DA populations are activated by stressful/aversive stimuli.
yes; there are different subsets of VTA neurons
57
DA receptor subtypes: How many are there?
5
58
DA receptor subtypes: Which 2 are most similar?
D1 &5 (D1 like receptors)
59
D2 like receptors:
D2-4
60
All DA receptor subtypes are [...].
metabotropic
61
DA receptor subtypes: Are found at which sites?
``` D1 = postsynaptic D2 = postsynaptic (pre for autoreceptors not metabotropic) ```
62
DA receptor subtypes: Gs/Gi/Gq
``` D1 = Gs D2 = Gi D3 = D4 = D5 = D6 = ```
63
Noradrenergic neurons originate in...
locus coeruleus (LC)
64
T/F: Noradrenergic neurons send axons everywhere.
true; the brain, spinal cord, cerebellum
65
LC is a small [...] in the [...] (region of the brainstem).
nucleus; pons
66
Adrenergic receptors are [...] with 2 subtypes [...] and [...].
metabotropic; alpha; beta
67
NE receptors: a2 receptors inhibit [...] and reduce synthesis of [...].
adenylyl cyclase; cAMP
68
NE receptors: a1 receptors operate via [...] 2nd messenger system.
phosphoinostitide
69
NE receptors: beta1-2 stimulate [...] and enhance synthesis of [...].
adenylyl cyclase; cAMP
70
Some of the main roles of the noradrenergic system:
1. behavioral 2. arousal 3. cognition 4. memory consolidation 5. emotional experiences (stress) 6. wakefulness (rapid fire during sleep)
71
Selective a1 receptor agonist:
phenylephrine
72
Non-selective b-receptor agonist:
isoproterenol
73
Locus coeruleus projections to [...] play crucial roles for cognitive functions such as [...] and [...].
prefrontal cortex; working memory; attention
74
Clonidine and guanfacine activate [...]. They [...] memory.
a2 receptors; enhance
75
Activation of a1 receptors in the PFC has a [...] effect on cognitive functions.
deleterious
76
Increased NE associated with stress increases [...] activation, which can lead to [...].
a1 receptor; cognitive impairment
77
[...] plays an important role in the consolidation of emotional memories.
NE
78
Enhance of memory consolidation = [...] EPI + [...] NE
increased; increase
79
Beta-blockers are [...] antagonists which can be used to treat [...].
beta receptor; axiety

NPP (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions