Chapter 8: Human Error

Question 1

The most effective approach to error management involves ____ the occurrence and ____ the consequences of errors

Answer 1

reducing, minimising

Question 2

The best way to prevent errors during aircraft maintenance is to ___ errors at the ____ stages

Answer 2

eliminate, design

Question 3

Studies have shown that humans are not very good at ___ thinking. But, in technological situations like in the aviation MRO, rational procedures are often necessary. Unfortunately, ____ behaviour is a common source of error in the
industry.

Answer 3

logical, illogical

Question 4

A good system should not allow people to make mistakes easily. Hence, it is important that Users have an accurate ___ model of the state of the system and the task specifications should be ___ and not be too ___ to increase the psychological processes and chances for human errors.

Answer 4

mental, simple, complex

Question 5

Interpreting the senses is one of the biggest obstacles we face in perceiving the world. Hence, it is important to provide ____ so that the user knows what actions to take. In addition, our brains are easily distracted and it can overlook important tasks. So ____ information is critical and it must be accessible and usable

Answer 5

visibility, managing

Question 6

In a dynamic resource constraint world, organisations make gains in productivity or ____. But, unfortunately, it sometimes come at the expense of their ____
margin. Organisations must understand the _____ and interactions of how people and the system work

Answer 6

efficiencies, safety, interdependencies

Question 7

Unsafe acts can be _____ or _____ and they are termed as human errors or violations respectively. Such unsafe acts are punishable by law as
the individual may be liable for the offences of reckless killing or killing by gross carelessness. Remember your ___ ___ ____ and fitness for duty as licensed aircraft engineers.

Answer 7

unintentional, intentional, duty of care

Question 8

latent failures would be _____ conditions which may not be obvious now but under a certain set of conditions could ____ a major accident or incident

Answer 8

error-causing, contribute or cause

Question 9

The best way to eliminate accident-causing errors is to ___ and ____ all small errors before they combine with other factors and conditions to cause incidents or accidents

Answer 9

record, eliminate

Question 10

People are the ____ that we should harness. We need people who are not afraid to ____ or to ____ the way things are
done.

Answer 10

solutions, question, critique

(?)

Question 11

1. Rule-based performance can lead to _____ violations
2. Knowledge-based performance can lead to _____ violations
3. Skill-based performance can lead to _____ violations

Answer 11

1. situational
2. exceptional
3. routine

Question 12

According to Laffin (2016), risk management is not on ___ people but it is on ____ processes that deliver safe performance and the ____ that understands what the issues and risks are.

Answer 12

blaming, developing, culture

Question 13

The real world is a complex environment and it is sometimes necessary to ____ the user from performing any actions that could cause harm (to people and property). Hence, there is a need to ‘design for errors’ to mitigate accidents. One approach is to implement ______ or design the system in a way to make it difficult to enact ____ actions.

Answer 13

constrain, defence in depth, non-reversible

Question 14

One risk management methodology used in aviation is avoid, trap and mitigate.

1. Avoid it to ___ the opportunity of errors.
2. Trap is to ___ errors when they occur.
3. Mitigate is to ____ or lessen the consequences of errors.

Answer 14

1. reduce
2. detect
3. eliminate