Chapter 8: Language and decision making

Question 1

What is language?

Answer 1

largely arbitrary systems of communication

Question 2

What are the components of language?

Answer 2

• lexicon - vocab
• grammar - rules

Question 3

what are the two important functions of language?

Answer 3

• transmission of information
• social and emotional functions

Question 4

What are Hockett’s linguistic universals ?

Answer 4

• semanticity
• Arbitrariness
• displacement
• productivity
• culture

Question 5

What is semanticity?

Answer 5

• meaning conveyed through symbols
  
  • the alphabet
• letters are representations of phonemes

Question 6

What is Arbitrariness?

Answer 6

No inherent connection between symbol and object

Question 7

What is displacement ?

Answer 7

used to communicate past, present, and future

Question 8

What is productivity?

Answer 8

• create new words, phrases, and sentences
• ex. “google it”

Question 9

What is culture?

Answer 9

• language acquired through culture
  
  • coke vs. pop

Question 10

What are Phonemes?

Answer 10

• smallest units of sound
• English contains 40-45
• 100s of phonemes
• bit= b/i/ t
• We and wet/e/

Question 11

What are Morphemes?

Answer 11

• smallest units of meaning combination
• combination of phonemes
• r, re, ish
• play, played, playing

Question 12

What is Syntax?

Answer 12

• set of rules to construct sentences
• English: subject - verb- object
• The boy eats the apple

Question 13

What is common ground?

Answer 13

set of knowledge that is shared between two or more people communicating

Question 14

What is audience design?

Answer 14

change what we say depending on the audience

Question 15

What is body language?

Answer 15

“It’s awful in there”

Question 16

Are we hard-wired for languages?

Answer 16

there we 2 bleiefs, One by Noam, and by Skinner

Question 17

What did B.F Skinner believe about language?

Answer 17

language was learned through operant condition

Question 18

What did Noam Chomsky believe about language?

Answer 18

• Language is biologically determined:
• language acquisition device

Question 19

What is the critical period?

Answer 19

language development is maximized in early life

Question 20

What is prenatal?

Answer 20

preference for the mother’s voice

Question 21

What is Babbling stage - 6 months

Answer 21

produce and repeat single syllabi

Question 22

Comprehension vs. Production

Answer 22

children comprehend basic language rules before being able to produce them - latent learning

Question 23

What are First-year words?

Answer 23

• produce and repeat single syllabi
• Holophrases
  
  • one word that baby uses that means alot of things

Question 24

What is Telegraphic speech - 2 years

Answer 24

• simple sentences
• overgeneralization

Question 25

What is Conversations - 4-6 years

Answer 25

- clear understanding of rules - (grammar and syntax)

Question 26

Explain language development of bilingualism

Answer 26

- same as monolinguals - make more mistakes

Question 27

What are the Benefits of Bilingualism?

Answer 27

- enhanced communication - metalinguistic - enhancing our thinking

Question 28

What is Linguistic determinism?

Answer 28

- enhances our thinking and behaviour - Sapir- Whorf hypothesis - linguistic reactivity

Question 29

Who developed Bounded Rationality ?

Answer 29

Herbert Simon

Question 30

What is bounded Rationality?

Answer 30

rational decisions are bounded by cognitive limitations

Question 31

Who developed system 1 and 2?

Answer 31

Tversky and Kahneman

Question 32

What is System 1?

Answer 32

system 1: Automatic

Question 33

What is System 2 ?

Answer 33

System 2: Analytical

Question 34

What are biases and Heuristics?

Answer 34

systematic and predictable errors

Question 35

What is Representative Bias ?

Answer 35

- Judgment about probability - Steve and Linda - make decisions based on how representative something is - ignores base rate

Question 36

What is Availability?

Answer 36

- Estimate the likelihood of occurrence based on how “available” information is to us - you are more likley to see planes crashing than cars crashing - so you wil feaar planes crashing and not driving

Question 37

What is Anchoring?

Answer 37

- Decisions affected by an initial anchor, even if the anchor Decisions are arbitrary - influences - that we are willing to pay - Expectations of a wide arrange of things - buy apple watch for 1000 vs. 500

Question 38

What is framing?

Answer 38

How information is presented (eg. gains/losses) affects decisions

Question 39

What is Confirmation Bias?

Answer 39

focus on information that confirms existing beliefs

Question 40

What is overconfidence bias?

Answer 40

Bias to be overconfidence in our judgment

Question 41

What are the 6 steps to problem solving?

Answer 41

- step 1: Define the problem - Step 2: Generate possible solutions - Step 3: Evaluate options - Step 4: Decide on a solution - Step 5: Implement - Step 6: Evaluate the outcome

Question 42

step 1: Define the problem

Answer 42

- be specific as possible - well defined problems

Question 43

Step 2: Generate possible solutions

Answer 43

- list all possible solutions - be creative

Question 44

Step 3: Evaluate options

Answer 44

- eliminate - rank

Question 45

Step 4: Decide on a solution

Answer 45

outline steps to put the solution into action

Question 46

Step 5: Implement

Answer 46

put it into action

Question 47

Step 6: Evaluate the outcome

Answer 47

- did it work? - revise solution? - try another option? - return to step 2 and repeat

Question 48

What is Trail and error?

Answer 48

- continue to try different solutions until problem is solved - commonly used

Question 49

What is Algorithm?

Answer 49

- step by step problem solving formula - lego set intruction manual

Question 50

What is Heuristic?

Answer 50

- General problem problem-solving formula - Rule of thumb

Question 51

What is Insight?

Answer 51

- the sudden recognition of a solution to a problem - the AHA moment

Question 52

What are Means end analyses ?

Answer 52

choose and analyzes action in a series of smaller steps to meet a goal

Question 53

What is Distraction by irrelevant information?

Answer 53

failure to focus on relevant info

Question 54

What are Mental sets?

Answer 54

becoming entrenched in a particular problem solving strategy

Question 55

What is Functional fixedness?

Answer 55

difficulty perceiving an object being used for something other than what is was designed for