Chapter 8 Lower Limb

Question 1

How many bones in the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton?

Answer 1

80 - axial
126 - appendicular
206 - total

Question 2

Skeleton of the Lower LImb

Answer 2

Consists of two separate regions

• A single pelvic girdle (2 bones)
• The free part (30 bones)

Question 3

Skeleton of Free Lower Limb (Femur)

Answer 3

• Head
• Fovea capitis
• Greater and Lesser trochanters
• Intertrochanteric crest
• Gluteal tuberosity
• Medial and Lateral condyles
• Medial and lateral epicondyles
• Intercondylar fossa
  USE WILEYPLUS TO STUDY DIAGRAM

Question 4

Patella Surface Features

Answer 4

• Base (top)
• Articular facets
• Forms the patellofemoral
  Wileyplus for labelling

Question 5

Tibia Surface Features

Answer 5

• Lateral and medial condyles
• Tibial tuberosity
• Medial malleolus
• Distal tibiofibular joint
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Question 6

Fibula Surface Featurs

Answer 6

• Proximal tibiofibular joint
• Lateral malleolus
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Question 7

Foot Bone 3 Categories

Answer 7

1. Tarsus (7)
2. Metatarsals (5)
3. Phalanges (14)

Question 8

Foot Bones Details

Answer 8

• 7 tarsal bones
  
  • Talus articulates with tibia and fibula
  • Calcaneus: the largest and strongest heel bone
  • Other bones are navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiforms
• 5 metatarsals (I-V): base, shaft, head
• 14 phalanges
• Big toe is hallux
• Tarsus = ankle

Question 9

Mnemonic for Tarsals

Answer 9

Tall Centres Never Take Shots From Corners

Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Third Cuneiform, Second Cuneiform, First Cuneiform, Cuboid

Question 10

Arches of the Foot (Names)

Answer 10

3 arches, 2 support the weight of the body

• Medial longitudinal arch: extends from the heel to the big toe
• Lateral longitudinal arch: lower than medial LA
• Transverse arch: runs perpendicular to the LA’s.

Question 11

Arches of the Foot (Functions)

Answer 11

1. Provide spring and leverage to the foot when walking
2. The arches flex when the body weight is applied
3. Flatfoot: when the arches decrease or “fall”
4. Clawfoot: too much arch occurs due to various pathologies.

Question 12

Thigh Muscles that Move the Knee Joint / Leg

Answer 12

1. Anterior Extensor Muscles (Quadriceps Femoris group)
2. Posterior Flexor Muscles
   (Hamstrings Femoris group)
3. Medial Femoris Muscles
   (Gracilis)

Question 13

Rectus Femoris

Answer 13

Anterior Extensor Muscles (Quadriceps Femoris group)
O: Anterior inferior iliac spine
I: Tibial Tuberosity
F: Extends leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip

Question 14

Vastus Lateralis

Answer 14

Anterior Extensor Muscles (Quadriceps Femoris group)
O: Greater trochanter and line aspera of the femur
I: Tibial Tuberosity
F: Extends leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip

Question 15

Vastus Medialis

Answer 15

Anterior Extensor Muscles (Quadriceps Femoris group)
O: Linea aspera of femur
I: Tibial Tuberosity
F: Extends leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip

Question 16

Vastus Intermedius

Answer 16

Anterior Extensor Muscles (Quadriceps Femoris group)
O: Anterior and lateral surface of the body of the femur
I: Tibial Tuberosity
F: Extends leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip

Question 17

Biceps Femoris

Answer 17

Posterior Flexor Muscles
(Hamstrings Femoris group)
O: Long head from ischial tuberosity and short head from line aspera of the femur
I: Head and lateral condyle of fibula
F: Flexes the leg at the knee joint and extend the thigh at the hip

Question 18

Semimembranosus

Answer 18

Posterior Flexor Muscles
(Hamstrings Femoris group)
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Medial condyle of tibia
F: Flexes the leg at the knee joint and extend the thigh at the hip

Question 19

Semiteninosus

Answer 19

Posterior Flexor Muscles
(Hamstrings Femoris group)
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Shaft of tibia
F: Flexes the leg at the knee joint and extend the thigh at the

Question 20

Gracilis

Answer 20

Medial Femoris Muscle
O: The body and inferior ramus of the pubis
I: Medial surface of the tibia ‘s body
F: Adducts thigh at hip joint, rotates thigh medially, and flexes leg at knee joint

Question 21

Leg Muscles 3 Compartments

Answer 21

1. Anterior Compartment (3)
2. Lateral Compartment (1)
3. Posterior Compartment (7)

Question 22

Extensor Halliucis Longus

Answer 22

Anterior Compartment

Extends great toe and dorsiflexes foot at ankle

Question 23

Tibialis Anterior

Answer 23

Anterior Compartment

Dorsiflexes and inverts foot

Question 24

Extensor Digitorium Longus

Answer 24

Anterior Compartment
Extends toes 2-5
Dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint

Question 25

Fibularis Longus and Brevis

Answer 25

Lateral Compartment | Both muscles evert the foot and are weak in flexing the plantar

Question 26

Gastrocnemius

Answer 26

Superficial Posterior Compartment | Flexes leg at knee, plantar flexes foot at ankle

Question 27

Soleus

Answer 27

Superficial Posterior Compartment | Plantar flexes foot at ankle

Question 28

Plantaris

Answer 28

Superficial Posterior Compartment | Weak leg flexor, flexes foot at ankle joint

Question 29

Flexor digitorium longus

Answer 29

Deep Posterior Compartment | Plantar flexes foot at the ankle joint

Question 30

Flexor hallicus longus

Answer 30

Deep Posterior Compartment | Plantar flexes foot at the ankle joint

Question 31

Tibialis posterior

Answer 31

Deep Posterior Compartment | Plantar flexes and and inverts the foot

Question 32

Popiteus

Answer 32

Deep Posterior Compartment | Flexes leg, medially rotates tibia to unlock the knee

Question 33

Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

Answer 33

They insert within the foot | Function: support and locomotion

Question 34

Flexor digitorum brevis

Answer 34

First Layer | Attaches to middle phalanges of toes, and flexes toes 2-5 at IP and metatarsophalangeal joint

Question 35

Abductor hallucis

Answer 35

First Layer | Abducts and flexes the great toe

Question 36

Abductor digiti minimi

Answer 36

First Layer | Abducts and flexes the little toe

Question 37

Quadratus plantae

Answer 37

Second Layer | Attaches to the tendons of the digitorium longus to flex toes 2-5

Question 38

Lumbricales muscles

Answer 38

Second Layer Attaches to tendons of the flexor digitorium longus. Serves to flex the MP joints, extends toes 2-5 at the interphalangeal joint

Question 39

Adductor hallucis

Answer 39

Third Layer | Adducts and flexes great toe

Question 40

Flexor hallucis brevis

Answer 40

Third Layer | Flexes great toe and MTP joint

Question 41

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Answer 41

Third Layer | Flexes little toes at MTP joint

Question 42

Dorsal interossei

Answer 42

Fourth Layer | Adducts and flexes toes 2-5 and MTP and extends toes at IP

Question 43

Plantar interossei

Answer 43

Fourth Layer | Adducts and flexes proximal MTP and extends toe at IP joint

Question 44

Sacral Plexus

Answer 44

``` L4, L5, S1-S4 Innervates: - lower back - pelvis - perineum - posterior surface of the high and leg - dorsum and plantar of the foot` ```

Question 45

Common Fibular Nerve

Answer 45

Innervates anterior, lateral leg and dorsum of the foot 1. Superficial gluteal nerve 2. Inferior gluteal nerve 3. Nerve to piriformis 4. Pudendal (S2-S4)

Question 46

Arteries to the lower limb

Answer 46

``` Abdominal aorta Internal iliac artery External iliac artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Anterior and posterior tibial artery Fibular/perineal artery - doralis pedis - digitial arteries (dorsal and plantar) - plantar arch ```

Question 47

Veins to the lower limb

Answer 47

``` Anterior and posterior tibial Popliteal vein Deep femoral vein Great and small saphenous veins Femoral vein External Iliac (sacroiliac joint) Internal Iliac vein Common Iliac vein Inferior vena cava ```