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Psychology 101 > Chapter 8: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

faculty for recalling past events/learning

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2
Q

encoding

A

recording of perceptual sensory data and transferring to brain

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3
Q

storage

A

retention of information for later use, placing info in sensory/working/long-term memory

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4
Q

retrival

A

recapturing memories into consciousness when necessary, activates hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

information processing model

A

sensory memory –> working memory –> long-term memory

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

.5 secs visual, 2-4 secs auditory, involves brief image or sound

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7
Q

working memory

A

30 secs, 5-9 items, temporarily held for analysis, implicates prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

long-term memory

A

relatively permanent/unlimited

activates hippocampus
activates cerebellum for implicit memories

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9
Q

parallel distributed-processing model (connectionist model)

A

info is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural networks

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10
Q

automatic processing

A

encoding of info w/ little conscious awareness/effort

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11
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding of info w/ careful attention+conscious effort

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12
Q

spacing effect

A

facilitated encoding of material through rehearsal situations spread out over time

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13
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of info to make sure it is encoded

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14
Q

phonological encoding

A

encoding using the sounds of things

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15
Q

visual code encoding

A

image of how things look

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16
Q

semantic code

A

cognitive representation of info/event based on the meaning of the info

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17
Q

mnemonic devices

A

techniques used to enhance meaningfulness of info to make it more memorable

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18
Q

schemas

A

knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experiences/other knowledge

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19
Q

storage

A

retention of info in working or long-term memory

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20
Q

capacity of mind

A

5 to 9 items at a time (Ebbinghaus, George Miller)

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21
Q

memory span

A

max number of items that can be recalled in the right order

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22
Q

chunking

A

grouping bits of info together to enhance ability to hold info (more info) in working memory

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23
Q

explicit memories

A

can be brought consciously to mind (hippocampus to neocortex)

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24
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge of the world

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25
Q

episodic memory

A

personal events/episodes from their life

26
Q

implicit memories

A

not consciously aware of
includes procedural, classical conditioning, priming memory (striatum)

27
Q

search process

A

to retrieve info we focus on a specific question than scan all memories

28
Q

activation process

A

to retrieve info we activate relevant info which expands to all associated pieces of info

29
Q

retrieval cues

A

stimuli that reminds of info to retrieve from memory

30
Q

priming

A

activation of 1 piece of info which activates other so on to ultimate retrieve specific memory

31
Q

recognition tasks

A

memory task where ppl answer whether or not they have seen the presented object before

32
Q

recall tasks

A

memory taks which ppl must produce info w/o little or no retrieval cues

33
Q

state-dependent memory

A

retrieval facilitated by being in the same state of mind where 1st encoded info

exciting or upsetting events tend to be retrieved easier than bland ones as there is more rehearsal, elaboration, organization

gordon bower

34
Q

flashbulb memory

A

detailed, near-permeant memories of an emotionally significant event

35
Q

forgetting

A

the inability to recall info previously encoded in memory

36
Q

decay theory

A

memories often fade away on their own b/c neglect/disuse

cannot account for relearning being quicker than initial learning

37
Q

interference theory

A

memory influenced by what happens to ppl before and after they take info in

38
Q

proactive interference

A

competing info that is learned before the forgotten material prevents recall

39
Q

retroactive interference

A

learning new info disrupts access to previously recalled info

40
Q

motivated forgetting

A

forget unpleasant events

41
Q

repression

A

process of unconsciously preventing traumatic events from entering our awareness so that we do not need to experience the anxiety or blows to self-concept

42
Q

source misattribution

A

remembering info but not from the source it came from or remember things as true despite unreliable sources

43
Q

misinformation

A

result in memory distortion or manufactured memories

44
Q

effect of imagination

A

when ppl are repeatedly instructed to imagine a memory they can become real

45
Q

neural networks

A

LTP can increase the chance that certain networks will respond strongly in the future enabling easier retrieval of some memories

46
Q

proteins

A

ribonucleic acid +calcium in protein creation which help memories form

47
Q

amnestic disorders

A

memory loss is the primary symptom

48
Q

retorgrade amnesia

A

inability to remember things before an organic event

49
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event

50
Q

dementia

A

severe memory problems combine w/ losses in at least one other cognitive function

older women more likely than men, stroke increases risk

51
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

most common form of dementia

mild memory problems/lapses of attention –> problems completing tasks, remembering long-term memories

appears different in men, less testosterone means more beta-amyloid

52
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

twisted protein fibres found within cells of hippocampus, etc

53
Q

senile plaques

A

spherical deposits of beta-amyloid b/w cells in hippocampus, cerebral cortex, nearby blood vessels

54
Q

Causes of Alzheimer’s

A

beta-amyloid and tau proteins take abnormal forms

imbalance in calcium metabolism

familial traits

55
Q

dissociative disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by major loss of memory w/o clear physical cause

56
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall important info, usually of an upsetting nature, while retaining implicit memory

57
Q

dissociative fugue

A

loss of memory of personal identities /past life, flight to different location

58
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

development of sub personalities

causes: self-hypnosis, misinformation, state-dependent memory

59
Q

sub personalities

A

each has a unique set of memories, behaviours, thoughts, emotions

60
Q

hyperthymesia

A

enhanced memory, an ability that allows people to remember nearly every event of their life with great precision

Psychology 101 (11 decks)

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