Chapter 8: Memory

Question 1

Dissociable memory systems

Answer 1

There are memory systems independent of one another

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Translating information into neural code

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

Maintaining info

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

Pulling info out of storage

Question 5

Iconic memory

Answer 5

Visual info that lasts for fractions of seconds

Question 6

Echoic memory

Answer 6

Stores auditory info for 2 seconds

Question 7

What are the 4 types of memory codes

Answer 7

Visual encoding (mental images)
Phonological encoding (sounds)
Sematic encoding (meaning)
Motor encoding (movement)

Question 8

Short term memory (STM)

Answer 8

Holding a limited amount of info for a short amount of time while we are consciously aware

Question 9

Chunking

Answer 9

Associating items into larger units with meaning makes them easier to memorize

Question 10

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 10

Simple repetition, Least effective

Question 11

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 11

Actively engaging and manipulating info, effective

Question 12

STM vs WM

Answer 12

WM involves actively processing and manipulating short term info while STM is somewhat like a loading dock

Question 13

What are the three components involved with WM

Answer 13

The central executive-Directs attention, controls flow of info
Visual-spatial sketchpad-Processes visually based info,
Phonological loop- Processes auditory info

Question 14

Recency effect

Answer 14

Later items remembered better, most recent STM

Question 15

Primacy effect

Answer 15

Earlier items remembered better, LTM

Question 16

Automatic processing

Answer 16

Unintentional, requires minimal attention

Question 17

Effortful processing

Answer 17

Intentional, needs effort

Question 18

Depth of processing (DOP)

Answer 18

Structural-Does it have a vowel- least recognition
Phonemic-Does it rhyme- second most
Sematic-Does it make sense- most

Question 19

What are mnemonic devices and name 2

Answer 19

Memory aids such as acronyms and Method of Loci

Question 20

Dual coding theory

Answer 20

Learning two things so you can know one better

Question 21

Schemas

Answer 21

A template you use for comparison for how you perceive stimuli

Question 22

Expertise development

Answer 22

Being a professional that affects how schemas are developed

Question 23

Associated network

Answer 23

A network of related concepts, each concept being a node

Question 24

Spreading activation

Answer 24

When one node is being focused on, everything it is associated with become activated

Question 25

Priming

Answer 25

when you provide a stimulus similar to something your thinking about, you will likely relate the stimulus to that thing

Question 26

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 26

Memory enhanced when conditions of retrieval are the same as when it is encoded

Question 27

Context dependent memory

Answer 27

Easier to remember when its in the same environment as where its learnt

Question 28

Mood-congruent recall

Answer 28

Recalling events based on mood

Question 29

State-dependent memory

Answer 29

Easier to retrieve when internal state is better

Question 30

Relearning

Answer 30

Easier to relearn things

Question 31

Decay theory

Answer 31

Things are first forgotten in large portions, then slower

Question 32

What are two causes of forgetting

Answer 32

Not being able to encode | Not being able to retrieve from LTM

Question 33

Proactive interference

Answer 33

Previous info interferes with new info

Question 34

Retroactive interference

Answer 34

New info interferes with previous

Question 35

Flashbulb memories

Answer 35

Memories with high emotional value that seem extremely vivid but tend to not be accurate

Question 36

Misinformation effects

Answer 36

Errors in memory that are brought up by misleading info. Done by word choice

Question 37

Repression

Answer 37

Choosing to forget unfavored memories

Question 38

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 38

Memory loss of the past

Question 39

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 39

Memory loss of future events

Question 40

Dementia

Answer 40

Deficits in the brain caused by deterioration

Question 41

Alzheimer's

Answer 41

Both retrograde and anterograde amnesia, associated with increased amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and reduced acetylcholine

Question 42

Infantile amnesia

Answer 42

Losing memories from infantry

Question 43

Prospective memory

Answer 43

Memory telling you to perform actions in the future (remembering to go grocery shopping)

Question 44

Cryptoamnesia

Answer 44

Unconscious plagiarism of someone's work due to lack of recognition of original source