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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 8 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

abduction

A

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

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2
Q

acetylcholine

A

an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells

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3
Q

actin

A

a protein that forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and is also involved in motion in other types of cell

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4
Q

action potential

A

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell

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5
Q

adduction

A

the movement of a body part toward the body’s midline

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6
Q

adductor muscle

A

a muscle whose contraction moves a limb or other part of the body toward the midline of the body or toward another part

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7
Q

agonist muscle

A

Also called prime movers since they produce most of the force, and control of an action. Agonists cause a movement to occur through their own activation.

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8
Q

biceps brachii

A

a large muscle that lies on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow

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9
Q

biomechanical engineering

A

the combined use of mechanical engineering principals and biological knowledge to better understand how these areas intersect and how they can be used together to potentially improve peoples’ quality of life

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10
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

A common condition that causes pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and arm. The condition occurs when one of the major nerves to the hand — the median nerve — is squeezed or compressed as it travels through the wrist.

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11
Q

circumduction

A

movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed

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12
Q

concentric contraction

A

A type of muscle activation that causes tension on your muscle as it shortens. As your muscle shortens, it generates enough force to move an object. This is the most popular type of muscle contraction. In weight training, a bicep curl is an easy-to-recognize concentric movement.

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13
Q

condyle

A

the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint

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14
Q

deltoid

A

a large triangular muscle that covers the shoulder joint and serves to raise the arm laterally

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15
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexion in a dorsal direction; especially: flexion of the foot in an upward direction

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16
Q

eccentric contraction

A

the motion of an active muscle while it is lengthening under load

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17
Q

electric potential

A

The energy that is needed to move a charge against an electric field. You need more energy to move a charge further in the electric field, but also more energy to move it through a stronger electric field.

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18
Q

ergonomics

A

the study of people’s efficiency in their working environment

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19
Q

eversion

A

(1) the act of turning inside out : the state of being turned inside out
(2) the condition (as of the foot) of being turned or rotated outward

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20
Q

external oblique

A

a diagonally arranged abdominal muscle on either side of the torso

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21
Q

fibularis group

A

also called peroneus muscles; a group of muscles in the lower leg (shin area); they are: peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius

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22
Q

flexion

A

the act of bending a limb

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23
Q

gastrocnemius

A

the largest muscle in the back part of the lower leg, the action of which extends the foot, raises the heel, and assists in bending the knee

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24
Q

gluteus maximus

A

A muscle that is located in the buttocks. It is connected to the coccyx, or tailbone, as well as other surrounding bones. The gluteus maximus muscle is responsible for movement of the hip and thigh.

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25
Q

hamstring muscles

A

the group of three muscles that run along the back of your thigh; those three muscles are:
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris

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26
Q

iliopsoas

A

a muscle consisting of the iliacus and psoas major muscles

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27
Q

“in concert”

A

acting jointly

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28
Q

innervate

A

(transitive verb) to supply with nerves

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29
Q

intercalated disk

A

Unique structural formations found between the myocardial cells of the heart. They play vital roles in bonding cardiac muscle cells together and in transmitting signals between cells.

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30
Q

intercostal muscle

A

The muscles between your ribs. They allow your ribcage to expand and contract so you can breathe.

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31
Q

internal oblique

A

an abdominal muscle located beneath the external abdominal oblique

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32
Q

isometric contraction

A

A muscle contraction without motion. Isometric contractions are used to stabilize a joint, such as when a weight is held at waist level neither raising nor lowering it.

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33
Q

isotonic contraction

A

a muscle contraction that occurs when the force or tension in the muscle remains constant while the length of the muscle changes; there are two types: eccentric contraction and concentric contraction

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34
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

a broad flat superficial muscle chiefly of the middle and lower back that extends, adducts, and rotates the arm medially and draws the shoulder downward and backward

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35
Q

masseter

A

a large muscle that raises the lower jaw and assists in mastication

36
Q

mastication

A

(1) to grind or crush (food) with or as if with the teeth

(2) to soften or reduce to pulp by crushing or kneading

37
Q

mastoid process

A

A conical protuberance of the posterior portion of the temporal bone that is situated behind the ear and serves as a site of muscle attachment

38
Q

motor neuron

A

a neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement

39
Q

muscle strength

A

the muscle’s ability to contract and create force in response to resistance

40
Q

muscle tone

A

the tension in a muscle at rest

41
Q

myoglobin

A

an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals

42
Q

myosin

A

a fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells

43
Q

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

a highly specialized synapse between a motor neuron nerve terminal and its muscle fiber that are responsible for converting electrical impulses generated by the motor neuron into electrical activity in the muscle fibers

44
Q

occipital bone

A

the bone that forms the back and base of the skull, and through which the spinal cord passes

45
Q

orbicularis oris

A

a complex of muscles in the lips that encircles the mouth

46
Q

oxygen debt

A

the body’s oxygen deficiency resulting from strenuous physical activity.

47
Q

pectoralis major

A

any of the muscles that connect the front walls of the chest with the bones of the upper arm and shoulder

48
Q

plantar flexion

A

a movement in which the top of your foot points away from your leg; you use plantar flexion whenever you stand on the tip of your toes or point your toes.

49
Q

pronation

A

(1) rotation of the hand and forearm so that the palm faces backwards or downwards
(2) rotation of the medial bones in the midtarsal region of the foot inward and downward so that in walking the foot tends to come down on its inner margin

50
Q

psoas major

A

a muscle that originates at the spine around the bottom of the rib cage and runs down to the thigh bone (the femur)

51
Q

quadriceps femoris

A 
A large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur.
The four muscles it is made up of are:
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
52
Q

rectus abdominis

A

also known as the “abdominal muscle”, is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen, as well as that of some other mammals; it is between the obliques

53
Q

sphincter

A

a circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning; sphincters relax at death, often releasing fluids and feces

54
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

a thick superficial muscle on each side of the neck that arises by one head from the first segment of the sternum and by a second from the inner part of the clavicle, that inserts into the mastoid process and occipital bone, and that acts especially to bend, rotate, flex, and extend the head

55
Q

supination

A

(1) rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward or upward
(2) a corresponding movement of the foot and leg in which the foot rolls outward with an elevated arch

56
Q

synergist muscles

A

muscles that act around a moveable joint to produce motion similar to or in concert with agonist muscles. They often act to reduce excessive force generated by the agonist muscle and are referred to as neutralizers

57
Q

temporal bone

A

two major bones in the skull, or cranium. They help form the sides and base of the skull, where they protect the temporal lobe of the brain and surround the ear canal

58
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the sheath that surrounds a tendon (the cord that joins muscle to bone)

59
Q

tetanic contraction

A

a sustained muscle contraction evoked when the motor nerve that innervates a skeletal muscle emits action potentials at a very high rate

60
Q

threshold stimulus

A

the lowest point at which a particular stimulus will cause a response in an organism

61
Q

tibialis anterior

A

a muscle arising chiefly from the lateral condyle of the tibia and part of the shaft of the tibia; it is on the lower part of the leg

62
Q

tonic contraction

A

the sustained contraction of different groups of fibers within a muscle to maintain continual muscular tension

63
Q

transversus abdominis

A

one of the flat muscles that form the anterior abdominal wall; it is deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle

64
Q

trapezius

A

either of a pair of large triangular muscles extending over the back of the neck and shoulders and moving the head and shoulder blade

65
Q

triceps brachii

A

the large muscle at the back of the upper arm; it consists of 3 parts: the medial head, lateral head, and long head

66
Q

zygomatic bone

A

also called cheekbone, or malar bone, diamond-shaped bone below and lateral to the orbit, or eye socket, at the widest part of the cheek

67
Q

zygomaticus

A

a slender band of muscle on each side of the face that arises from the zygomatic bone, inserts into the orbicularis oris and skin at the corner of the mouth, and acts to pull the corner of the mouth upward and backward when smiling or laughing

68
Q

origin (anatomy)

A

the place where a muscle attaches to a more stationary part of the bone

69
Q

insertion (anatomy)

A

the place where a muscle attaches to the more movable part of the bone

70
Q

sliding filament model

A

An explanation of how a skeletal muscle contracts. According to this model, during contraction, the thick and thin myofilaments in a muscle fiber first attach to one another by forming crossbridges that then act as levers to ratchet or pull the myofilaments past each other.

71
Q

myofilaments

A

The two protein filaments of myofibrils in muscle cells. The two proteins are myosin and actin and are the contractile proteins involved in muscle contraction. The two filaments are a thick one composed mostly of myosin, and a thin one composed mostly of actin.

72
Q

crossbridge

A

the globular head of a myosin molecule that projects from a myosin filament in muscle and in the sliding filament hypothesis of muscle contraction is held to attach temporarily to an adjacent actin filament and draw it into the A band of a sarcomere between the myosin filaments

73
Q

myofibril

A

any of the longitudinal parallel contractile elements of a muscle cell that are composed of myosin and actin

74
Q

ratchet (verb)

A

to cause to move by steps or degrees —usually used with up or down

75
Q

posture

A

the position of a body while standing or sitting

76
Q

antagonist muscles

A

muscles that produce a movement opposite to that of the prime movers (agonist muscles) and their synergist muscles

77
Q

three basic skeletal muscle fiber types

A

slow, fast, and intermediate fibers

78
Q

slow fibers

A

Slow fibers are also called “red fibers” because they have a high content of oxygen-storing myoglobin (a red pigment similar to hemoglobin). Slow fibers are best suited to endurance activities such as long-distance running because they do not fatigue easily. Muscles that maintain body position—posture—have a proportion of slow fibers.

79
Q

fast fibers

A

Fast fibers are also called “white fibers” because they have a low red myoglobin content. Fast fibers are best suited for quick, powerful contractions because even though they fatigue quickly, they can produce a great amount of ATP very quickly. Fast fibers are well suited to sprinting and weight-lifting events. Muscles that move the fingers have a high proportion of fast fibers—a big help when playing computer games or musical instruments.

80
Q

intermediate fibers

A

Intermediate fibers have characteristics between the extremes of slow and fast fibers. This muscle type is found in muscles such as the calf muscle (gastrocnemius), which is used both for posture and occasional brief, powerful contractions such as jumping.

81
Q

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

informally called afterburn; a measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity

82
Q

twitch

A

A quick, jerky response to a stimulus. Twitch contractions can be seen in isolated muscles during research, but they play a minimal role in normal muscle activity

83
Q

extension (anatomy)

A

the act of stretching out a limb

84
Q

rotation (anatomy)

A

movement around a longitudinal axis, as in rotating the neck

85
Q

inversion (anatomy)

A

the condition (as of the foot) of being turned or rotated inward

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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