Chapter 7 - Skeletal system

Question 1

calcitonin (CT)

Answer 1

a hormone produced from the thyroid gland that increases mineralization of bone and thus reduces blood calcium

Question 2

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 2

a hormone from the parathyroid glands that counterbalances the effects of calcitonin by decreasing calcium in the bone and thus increasing blood calcium

Question 3

homeostasis of blood calcium

Answer 3

a reference to the fact that the body regulates the amount of calcium in the blood by moving the calcium to the bones when the blood calcium is too high and taking calcium away from the bones when the blood calcium is too low

Question 4

red bone marrow

Answer 4

soft connective tissue inside the hard walls of some bones that produces both red and white blood cells

Question 5

hematopoiesis

Answer 5

the process of blood cell formation

Question 6

four major types of bones

Answer 6

Long bones—e.g., humerus or arm bone
Short bones—e.g., carpals or wrist bones
Flat bones—e.g., frontal or skull bone
Irregular bones—e.g., vertebrae or spinal bones

Question 7

sesamoid bones

Answer 7

also called round bones; the term sesamoid means “like a sesame seed”; it refers to certain bones which may develop around a tendon, like the kneecap; sometimes considered to be a fifth type of major bone

Question 8

diaphysis

Answer 8

also known as the shaft; a hollow tube made of hard, compact bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement

Question 9

medullary cavity

Answer 9

the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow

Question 10

epiphyses (singular: epiphysis)

Answer 10

the ends of the bone—red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone composing the epiphyses; some yellow marrow may appear as a person ages

Question 11

articular cartilage

Answer 11

a thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a small rubber cushion would if it were placed over the ends of bones where they form a joint

Question 12

periosteum

Answer 12

a strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces

Question 13

endosteum

Answer 13

a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Question 14

yellow bone marrow

Answer 14

marrow made mostly of fat that contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells

Question 15

diploe

Answer 15

the cancellous bone layer in flat bones, sandwiched between compact bone

Question 16

trabeculae

Answer 16

a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod that supports or anchors a framework of parts within a body or organ

Question 17

strut

Answer 17

(1) a rod or bar forming part of a framework and designed to resist compression
(2) a stiff, erect, and apparently arrogant or conceited gait

Question 18

concentric lamella

Answer 18

tubes of different sizes fitting inside each other to surround the central canal of an osteon

Question 19

haversian canal

Answer 19

also called the central canal; the center of an osteon, surrounded by concentric lamella; it is filled with blood vessels

Question 20

lacuna

Answer 20

a small space, containing an osteocyte in bone, or a chondrocyte in cartilage

Question 21

Volkmann canals

Answer 21

also called transverse canals; they are canals that connect haversian canals to each other

Question 22

canaliculi

Answer 22

canals that connect the lacuna together and that are involved in distributing nutrients to all the bone cells in bone

Question 23

cartilage

Answer 23

a strong and smooth substance made up of “chondrocytes,” or specialized cartilage cells, that functions to cover and protect bones and nerves and forms the structural component of some body parts like the ear and nose

Question 24

osteoblast

Answer 24

a type of bone cell that creates bone tissue

Question 25

osteoclast

Answer 25

a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue

Question 26

osteocyte

Answer 26

a bone cell

Question 27

endochondral ossification

Answer 27

one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created; it creates bone from a cartilage model

Question 28

epiphyseal plate

Answer 28

also called the growth plate; a thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphysis, and is where the growth of long bones takes place during childhood

Question 29

metaphysis

Answer 29

the neck portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood, and as it grows it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses

Question 30

intramembranous ossification

Answer 30

the process by which some bones, such as the skull bones, are formed; they are formed by calcification of fibrous membranes

Question 31

fontanels

Answer 31

the soft spots on a newborn baby’s skull; they are areas of fibrous membrane that have not yet fully ossified

Question 32

axial skeleton

Answer 32

the bones of the skull, spine, and chest and the hyoid bone in the neck

Question 33

appendicular skeleton

Answer 33

the bones of the upper extremities (shoulder, pectoral girdles, arms, wrists, and hands) and the lower extremities (hip, pelvic girdles, legs, ankles, and feet)

Question 34

osteoporosis

Answer 34

a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both

Question 35

sinus

Answer 35

space or cavity within some of the cranial bones

Question 36

suture

Answer 36

(1) an immovable junction between two bones, such as those of the skull (2) a stitch or row of stitches holding together the edges of a wound or surgical incision

Question 37

hyoid bone

Answer 37

a U-shaped bone in the neck which supports the tongue

Question 38

cervical vertebrae

Answer 38

the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull; It consists of 7 bones, from top to bottom, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7.

Question 39

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 39

the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. In human, thoracic vertebrae consists of 12 bones. From top to down, T1, T2, …, T12

Question 40

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 40

In human anatomy, the five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis. They are the largest segments of the vertebral column. It consists of 5 bones, from the top down, L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5.

Question 41

sacrum

Answer 41

a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) between ages 18 and 30.

Question 42

coccyx

Answer 42

commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in all apes and humans; in child, three to five separate vertebrae and in adult, fused into one

Question 43

vertebral foramen

Answer 43

a hole in the cervical and vertical vertebra, through which the spinal cord passes

Question 44

meninges

Answer 44

The three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

Question 45

transverse process

Answer 45

a small bony projection off the right and left side of each vertebrae

Question 46

articular processes

Answer 46

also called zygapophyses; projections of the vertebra that serve the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebra. The actual region of contact is called the articular facet.

Question 47

atlas (anatomy)

Answer 47

the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine, located in the neck

Question 48

axis (anatomy)

Answer 48

the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine, immediately posterior to the atlas, upon which the head rests

Question 49

concave curvatures (spine)

Answer 49

the concave cervical and lumbar curves of the spine in adults and non-infant children

Question 50

convex curvatures (spine)

Answer 50

the convex thoracic and sacral curves of the spine in adults and non-infant children

Question 51

spinal curvature of an infant

Answer 51

a reference to the fact that the spine in infants forms a continuous convex curve from top to bottom

Question 52

purpose of spinal curvature

Answer 52

the spine is curved because that gives it greater ability to support the weight of the body

Question 53

true ribs

Answer 53

upper seven pairs of ribs; attached to sternum by costal cartilages

Question 54

false ribs

Answer 54

Lower five pairs of ribs; first three pairs attached to sternum by costal cartilage of seventh ribs; lowest two pairs do not attach to sternum, therefore called floating ribs

Question 55

costal cartilage

Answer 55

segments of cartilage that connect the sternum to the ribs and help to extend the ribs into a forward motion

Question 56

radius and ulna

Answer 56

the two bones in the forearm (part of arm between hand and elbow) it helps to think of the radius as the bone in line with the thumb, considered lateral as it is away from the body's midpoint (in the anatomic position) ulna is medial, towards the body's midpoint, and in line with the small finger

Question 57

humerus

Answer 57

the arm bone between your shoulder and your elbow

Question 58

articulation

Answer 58

(1) a joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate (2) a movable joint between rigid parts of an animal (3) the action or manner of jointing or interrelating (4) the state of being jointed or interrelated (5) the act of giving utterance or expression (6) the act or manner of articulating sounds

Question 59

phalanges (singular: phalanx)

Answer 59

the bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot

Question 60

acetabulum

Answer 60

a deep, cup-shaped socket that connects the femur to the hips

Question 61

pelvic girdle

Answer 61

also called hip girdle; part of body that connects the legs to the trunk

Question 62

girdle

Answer 62

something that encircles or confines: such as (1) an article of dress encircling the body usually at the waist; (2) a woman's close-fitting undergarment

Question 63

loins

Answer 63

(1) the part of the body on both sides of the spine between the lowest (false) ribs and the hipbones (2) the region of the sexual organs, especially when regarded as the source of erotic or procreative power

Question 64

patella

Answer 64

the kneecap

Question 65

fibula and tibia

Answer 65

one of the two bones that make up the lower part of the leg tibia is in line with the toe and is bigger, fibula is in line with the smallest toe and is smaller

Question 66

calcaneus

Answer 66

the largest of the tarsal bones in the foot. It lies at the back of the foot (hindfoot) below the three bones that make up the ankle joint

Question 67

fallen arches

Answer 67

also called flatfeet; a condition where the foot ligaments and tendons weaken, causing the foot to sit completely flat on a surface (the reason why I need custom arches)

Question 68

foot arch

Answer 68

the foot has three arches normally (except in the case of fallen arches): the medial longitudinal and lateral longitudinal arches which run from near the ankle to near the toes and the anterior transverse which runs from side to side of the foot

Question 69

longitudinal

Answer 69

(1) running lengthwise rather than across (length is the longest dimension) (2) relating to longitude (not related to length); measured from east to west

Question 70

transverse

Answer 70

(1) acting, lying, or being across; set crosswise | (2) made at right angles to the long axis of the body

Question 71

palpable

Answer 71

(1) capable of being touched or felt | (2) easily perceptible

Question 72

three types of joint classifications

Answer 72

One classification method classifies joints into three types according to the degree of movement they allow: 1. Synarthrosis —no movement 2. Amphiarthrosis —slight movement 3. Diarthrosis —free movement

Question 73

joint capsule

Answer 73

an envelope surrounding a synovial joint; each joint capsule has two parts: an outer fibrous layer or membrane, and an inner synovial layer or membrane

Question 74

synovial joint

Answer 74

the type of joint found between bones that move against each other, such as the joints of the limbs (e.g. shoulder, hip, elbow and knee)

Question 75

ball-and-socket joints

Answer 75

a ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a concave socket of another bone. Shoulder and hip joints, for example, are ball-and-socket joints. Of all the joints in our bodies, these permit the widest range of movements.

Question 76

hinge joints

Answer 76

like the hinges on a door, allow movements in only two directions, namely, flexion and extension. Flexion is bending a joint and extension is straightening it out. Elbow and knee joints and the joints in the fingers are hinge joints

Question 77

pivot joints

Answer 77

those in which a small projection of one bone pivots in an arch of another bone. For example, recall that a projection of the axis (second cervical vertebra) is a point around which an arch of the atlas (first cervical vertebra) can pivot. This permits rotation of the head, which rests on the atlas.

Question 78

saddle joints

Answer 78

Only one pair of saddle joints exists in the body—between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist (the name of this carpal bone is the trapezium). Because the articulating surfaces of these bones are saddle-shaped, they make possible the human thumb’s great mobility, a mobility no animal’s thumb possesses.

Question 79

saddle

Answer 79

(1) a seat fastened on the back of a horse or other animal for riding, typically made of leather and raised at the front and rear. (2) a low part of a ridge between two higher points or peaks

Question 80

gliding joints

Answer 80

the least movable diarthrotic joints. Their flat articulating surfaces allow limited gliding movements, such as that at the superior and inferior articulating processes between successive vertebrae

Question 81

condyloid joints

Answer 81

those in which a condyle (an oval projection) fits into an elliptical socket. An example is the fit of the distal end of the radius into depressions in the carpal bones

Question 82

total hip replacement (THR)

Answer 82

The THR procedure involves replacement of the femoral head by a metal prosthesis and the acetabular socket by a polyethylene cup. The prostheses are usually coated with a porous material that allows natural growth of bone to mesh with the artificial material. Such meshing of tissue and prostheses ensures stability of the parts without the loosening that the use of glues in the past often allowed. First introduced in 1953, THR technique has advanced to the state that the procedure has very high success rates in older adults.

Question 83

prosthesis

Answer 83

an artificial body part, such as a leg, a heart, or a breast implant

Question 84

acetabular socket

Answer 84

the socket of the ball-and-socket hip joint

Question 85

polyethylene

Answer 85

the most common plastic in use today

Question 86

gamete

Answer 86

an organism's reproductive cells

Question 87

arthropod

Answer 87

Any of numerous invertebrate animals of the phylum Arthropoda, including the insects, crustaceans (e.g shrimp, lobster, crayfish), arachnids, and myriapods (e.g. centipede, millipede)