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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

cytoplasm

A

a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane

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2
Q

organelle

A

specialized structures within a cell

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3
Q

nucleus (biology)

A

a large, membrane-bound structure in most cells that contains the genetic code

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4
Q

three main parts of a cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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5
Q

plasma membrane

A

a membrane that surrounds the entire cell, forming its outer boundary; it is made up of phospholipids and cholesterol

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6
Q

hormone

A

a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action

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7
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence

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8
Q

ribosome

A

a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells; it helps with protein synthesis

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9
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move, made of two types: rough ER and smooth ER

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10
Q

rough ER

A

part of endoplasmic reticulum that receives, folds, and transports newly made proteins

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11
Q

smooth ER

A

part of endoplasmic reticulum that creates the membrane for the cell

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12
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a complex of vesicles (pouches) and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion (e.g. mucus) and intracellular transport

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13
Q

mitochondrion

A

an organelle in the cell that produces energy for the cell (e.g. ATP)

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14
Q

lysosome

A

the part of the cell that digests nutrients and helps to destroy harmful microbes

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15
Q

centrosome

A

an organelle in the cell that organizes microtubules; involved in the process of cell division

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16
Q

microtubule

A

a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures

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17
Q

centriole

A

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

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18
Q

microvilli

A

small, fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane of some cells; these projections increase the surface area of the cell and thus increase its ability to absorb substances.

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19
Q

cilia

A

extremely fine, hairlike extensions on the exposed or free surfaces of cells; they allow the cell to sense its surroundings, can be used to move things, and in taste buds they help people taste food

20
Q

flagellum

A

a single projection extending from the cell surface; a major example is the tail in a human sperm cell, which propels it forward

21
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

22
Q

nuclear pore

A

holes in the nuclear envelope that permit large molecules to move into and out of the nucleus

23
Q

nucleoplasm

A

a special type of cell material in the nucleus that contains a number of structures, the two most important being the nucleolus and the chromatin granules

24
Q

nucleolus

A

a dense region of the nuclear material that is critical in protein formation because it is where the cell makes the subunits that form ribosomes

25
Q

chromatin granules

A

a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells; the primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures

26
Q

chromosome

A

a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism

27
Q

active transport

A

the mass movement of substances into and out of cells that requires the use of energy (ATP)

28
Q

passive transport

A

the mass movement of substances into and out of cells that through a method that does not require energy (e.g. osmosis, diffusion, or filtration)

29
Q

filtration

A

in the context of cells it refers to the movement of water and small solute particles, but not larger particles, through a filtration membrane; movement occurs from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

30
Q

crenation

A

a process resulting from osmosis in which red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire a notched (a small cut or nick in something) or scalloped (having an edge or border marked with semicircles) surface

31
Q

lyse

A

(verb) undergo or cause to undergo lysis

32
Q

lysis

A

the breaking down of the membrane of a cell

33
Q

dialysis

A

a process where some solutes move across a selectively permeable membrane by diffusion and other solutes do not; this also explains how dialysis machines work in people with kidney failure (by selectively removing waste)

34
Q

phagocytes

A

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles

35
Q

pinocytosis

A

an active transport mechanism used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells by trapping them in a pocket of plasma membrane that pinches off inside the cell

36
Q

gene

A

the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA.

37
Q

genome

A

the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism

38
Q

genomics

A

the branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes

39
Q

proteomics

A

the study of all the proteins produced by an organism

40
Q

mitosis

A

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth

41
Q

interphase

A

the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing active cell division

42
Q

genetic counselors

A

people who use principles of genetics to advise clients who wish to produce offspring but are worried about possible genetic disorders

43
Q

genetic engineers

A

people who develop ways to manipulate the genetic code to produce a variety of therapies and enhanced biological characteristics of agricultural products

44
Q

genomics scientists

A

people who analyze the genetic codes of organisms to help us better understand structure and function, which may lead to better treatments for genetic disorders

45
Q

stem cell

A

the body’s raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated

46
Q

spindle fibers

A

microscopic protein structures that help divide genetic material during cell division; they also help organize cellular components

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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