Chapter 8: Nervous system

Question 0

Axon

Answer 0

long cell process that moves the signal away from the cell body

Question 1

neuron

Answer 1

receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

Question 2

myelin sheath

Answer 2

fatty covering that protects and speeds up the signal in the axon

Question 3

nodes of ranvier

Answer 3

gaps in the myelin sheaths where the signal from the axon skips

Question 4

saltatory conduction

Answer 4

when the signal in the axon jumps through the nodes of ranvier, skipping parts of the axon

Question 5

unipolar/pseudo unipolar

Answer 5

has a single process extending from the cell body

Question 6

bipolar neurons

Answer 6

has one dendrite and one axon extending from the cell body

Question 7

multipolar neurons

Answer 7

have many dendriites, and a single axon

Question 8

astrocyte

Answer 8

the major supporting tissue in the CNS; also forms the blood-brain barrier between the blood and the CNS

Question 9

ependymal cells

Answer 9

line the fluid-filled cavities within the CNS. some produce CSF while others move CSF.

Question 10

microglia

Answer 10

act as the immune cells of the CNS. they remove bacteria and debris

Question 11

oligodendrocytes

Answer 11

provide myelin sheaths in the CNS. covers many cells

Question 12

schwann cells

Answer 12

provides myelin sheaths to individual cells in the PNS

Question 13

differences between CNS and PNS

Answer 13

CNS : uses oligodendrocytes, a collection of axons is called a nerve tract, and cells of cell bodies are called nuclei
PNS : uses schwann cells, a collection of axons are called peripheral nerves, and cells of cell bodies are called ganglion

Question 14

neurotransmitters

Answer 14

chemical substances that send messages to other parts of the body

Question 15

aceytlcholine

Answer 15

a neurotransmitter found usually in the neuromuscular junction

Question 16

norepinephrine

Answer 16

excitatory; cocaine and amphetamines increase the release of norepinephrine and blocks the reuptake of them, causing overstimulation

Question 17

serotonin

Answer 17

generally inhibitory, involved with mood, anxiety, and sleep. drugs such as prozac block serotonin transporters, treating anxiety and depression

Question 18

dopamine

Answer 18

excitatory or inhibitory; parkinsons comes as a result of destruction of dopamine secreting neurons

Question 19

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Answer 19

inhibitory; drugs that increase GABA function have been used to treat epilepsy, which is an excessive release of neurons

Question 20

glycine

Answer 20

inhibitory; can lead to tetanus of repiratory muscles if strychnine is involved

Question 21

endorphins

Answer 21

inhibitory; makes you feel good

Question 22

converging neural pathway

Answer 22

two or more neurons go to one neuron

Question 23

diverging neural pathway

Answer 23

one neuron divides to 2 neurons

Question 24

meningitis

Answer 24

infections of meninges ( wrapping arpund brain and spinal cord)

Question 25

subarachnoid space

Answer 25

under the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that contains CSF and has blood vessels

Question 26

lateral ventricles

Answer 26

found in each cerebral hemisphere containing CSF

Question 27

third ventricle

Answer 27

found in the midline in the center of the diencephalon between the 2 halves of the thalamus

Question 28

fourth ventricle

Answer 28

located at the base of the cerebellum, and contains CSF

Question 29

brainstem

Answer 29

connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain. It consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain.

Question 30

medulla oblongata

Answer 30

the most inferior portion of the brainstem; continuous with the spinal cord; contains nuclei that control things like heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, balance. also contains pyramids which have descending nerve tracts to motor neurons

Question 31

pons

Answer 31

superior to the medulla oblongata, also helps control breathing, swallowing, and balance

Question 32

midbrain

Answer 32

superior to the pons, it is the smallest part of the brainstem, contains colliculus, the inferior ones are mainly for auditory nerves, the superior ones control visual reflexes

Question 33

reticular formation

Answer 33

scattered throughout the brainstem, these control functions like respiration, walking, and chewing.

Question 34

frontal lobe

Answer 34

controls voluntary motor functions, aggression, moods, smell

Question 35

parietal lobe

Answer 35

evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure, temp., taste

Question 36

occipital lobe

Answer 36

used for vision

Question 37

primary somatic sensory cortex

Answer 37

located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus contains general sensations

Question 38

primary motor cortex

Answer 38

found in the frontal lobe, it controls voluntary motor movement

Question 39

alpha waves

Answer 39

waves that are active when a person is AWAKE

Question 40

Beta waves

Answer 40

waves that are active during intense thinking

Question 41

delta waves

Answer 41

are active in DEEP SLEEP

Question 42

Theta waves

Answer 42

waves found typically in children

Question 43

conus medullaris

Answer 43

the end of the spinal cord. looks like a cone

Question 44

cauda equina

Answer 44

nerves at the end of the spinal cord. looks like a horses tail

Question 45

grey matter

Answer 45

material in the center of the spinal cord that looks like a butterfly

Question 46

anterior horns

Answer 46

contains somatic neurons

Question 47

posterior horns

Answer 47

contain axons which synapse with interneurons

Question 48

lateral horns

Answer 48

contains autonomic neurons

Question 49

spinothalamic tract

Answer 49

transmits action potentials dealing with pain an temperature to the thalamus and on to the cerebral cortex; ascending tract

Question 50

dorsal column

Answer 50

transmits action potentials dealing with touch, positioon, and pressure; ascending tract.

Question 51

I. Olfactory nerve

Answer 51

responsible for the sense of smell. sensory only.

Question 52

II. optic nerve

Answer 52

responsible for the sense of vision. sensory only.

Question 53

III. Oculomotor

Answer 53

motor to four of six extrinsic eye muscles and upper eyelid; parasympathetic: constricts pupil, thickens lens

Question 54

IV. trochlear

Answer 54

motor only to one extrinsic eye muscle

Question 55

V. Trigeminal

Answer 55

sensory to face and teeth; motor to muscles of mastication

Question 56

VI. Abducens

Answer 56

Motor to one extrinsic eye muscle

Question 57

VII. Facial

Answer 57

sensory: taste; motor to muscles of facial expression; parasympathetic to salivary and tear glands

Question 58

VIII. vestibulocochlear

Answer 58

sensory for hearing and balance

Question 59

IX. glossopharyngeal

Answer 59

sensory: taste and touch to back of tonlgue; motor to pharyngeal muscles;parasympathetic to salivary glands

Question 60

X. Vagus

Answer 60

Sensory to pharynx, larynx, and viscera; motor to palate, pharynx, and larynx; parasympathetic to salivary glands

Question 61

XI. accessory

Answer 61

motor to two neck and upper back muscles

Question 62

XII. hypoglossal

Answer 62

Motor to tongue muscles