Chapter 8-Particle Physics Flashcards by Tallulah Bannerman

What is it called when the proton fragmented into a shower of particles rather than recoiling when colliding with a proton

Deep inelastic scattering

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Protons contain not balls of positive charge but….

Localised charge centres

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Electrons interact with charge centres via the

Electrostatic force 
(Coulomb's law/ inverse square law)

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How many quarks in a proton

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What are charge centres in a proton or neutron called

Quarks

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What charge do up quarks have

+ 2/3 e

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What charge do down quarks have

-1/3 e

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What is e in charge terms

e= elementary charge

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In order to break quarks apart what is needed

High energy bombarding electrons

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A proton is made from which charge types

Up, up, down

Total charge = 1

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A neutron is made from which quark types

Down, down, up

Total charge= 0

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Neutron total charge

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Proton total charge

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Quark and antiparticles have the exactly the same

Mass

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Quarks and electrons, and antiparticles have different

Charges (opposite)

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Antiparticle to an electron

Charge?

Positron

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Rest mass of both an electron and a positron

9.1x10^-31 kg

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Einsteins theory of special relativity predicted that

The faster things go, the heavier they become

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What does ‘u’ stand for (as a unit)

Unified atomic mass unit

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What is one unified atomic mass unit equal to?

1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom

1.66 x10^-27 kg

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Using Einstein’s equation what is another unit for mass

MeV/c^2
Or
GeV/c^2

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Particle production equation

Photon ➡️ electron + positron

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Particle annihilation equation

Electron + positron ➡️ photon(s)

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Pair production in a bubble chamber shows

Conservation of mass-energy

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When pairs are created the charge is

Conserved Zero before= e+ + e- = 0 after

Momentum is conserved and seen in pair forming from bunker chamber due to

Equal but opposite curvature of the two particles' paths

What does a PET scan do

Detects activity of the brain and forms an image

From an annihilation often a pair of ____ are released

Gamma rays /detectable charged particles

How do PET scans work

- injected w radioactive element into brain - v quick half life so decays quickly - when decaying each oxygen-15 nucleus emits a positron that immediately annihilates with a local electron to form two gamma rays - as positron and electron are stationary, the gamma rays move apart in opposite directions, to be detected by scintillator - part of brain the come from deduced from difference in time they take to reach the scintillators - computer produces resulting image

e value (number)

1.6 x10^-19 C

Electron and its antiparticle the positron are members of a group of fundament particles called

Leptons

Two other leptons w greater mass

Muons | Taus

Charge of leptons

e- /anti= e+

1 st generation lepton

Electron

2nd generation lepton

Muon

3rd generation lepton

Tau

First generation positive quark

Up quark

2nd generation positive quark

Charmed quark

3rd generation positive quark

Top quark

1st generation negative quark

Down quark

2nd generation negative quark

Strange quark

3rd generation negative quark

Bottom quark

Charge of positive quarks

+ 2/3 e

Charge of negative quarks

-1/3 e

Particles made from three quarks or three antiquarks are called

Baryons

What are the two types of hadrons called

Baryons | Mesons

Particles made from two quarks are called

Mesons

In a reaction the total number of baryons is

Conserved

Each quark has baryon number

+ 1/3

One baryon has baryon number

One antibaryon has baryon number

-1

Those with one strange quark in a meson are called

Kaons

Kaon symbol

K+ K-

In any particle interaction, the charge is

Always conserved

In any particle interaction the baryon number is

Conserved

In any particle interaction the lepton number is

Conserved

In any particle interaction the strangeness number is

Conserved

What do neutrinos or antineutrinos not carry

Charge

What thing, that we come into contact with daily, emits millions of neutrinos passing through our eyes every second

The sun

All leptons and neutrinos carry a lepton number of

All antileptons and antineutrinos carry a lepton number of

-1

Strangeness is conserved in....

Nuclear reactions

Strange quarks have a strangeness number

Anti strange quarks have strangeness number

-1

What is wave particle duality

The theory that waves behave like particles and waves

What are photons

They are photons of electromagnetic radiation

What is planks constant

6.63 x10^-34 Js

Equation proving waves with particle properties

E= hf

Equation proving particles with wave properties

p= h/ wavelength

What is the common factor between equations that proves wave particle duality

Planks constant

The key property proving light behaves like a wave

Diffraction The result of wave superposition