Chapter 8 Patho

Question 1

Cellular Metabolism or Cellular Respiration

Answer 1

Process in which the body cells break down molecules of glucose to produce energy for the body

Question 2

Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 2

Breakdown of molecules such as glucose through a series of reactions that produce energy within the cells in the presents of oxygen

Question 3

Aerobic

Answer 3

With oxygen

Question 4

Glycolysis

Answer 4

Occurs in the fluid portion of the cell (cytosol) and does not require oxygen

Question 5

ATP

Answer 5

Small energy source that is required by the cell to release more energy and a necessity for cells to carry out certain functions, such as contraction of muscles

Question 6

Anaerobic Metabolism

Answer 6

Breakdown of molecules in the cells without the presence of oxygen

Question 7

Anaerobic

Answer 7

Without oxygen

Question 8

Perfusion

Answer 8

The delivery of oxygen, glucose, and other substances to the cells and the elimination of waste products from the cells

Question 9

Patent Airway

Answer 9

One that is open and not obstructed by blood, secretions, vomitus, swollen tissues, bone, teet, or any other substances

Question 10

Nasopharynx

Answer 10

Portion of the airway from the nostrils to the soft platate

Question 11

Oropharynx

Answer 11

Portion of the airway from the mouth and soft palate to the epiglottis

Question 12

Epiglottis

Answer 12

A flap of cartilaginous tissue that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing

Question 13

Larynx

Answer 13

Structure that contains the vocal cords and is lined by a mucous membrane

Question 14

Laryngeal Spasm

Answer 14

Where the vocal cords spasm and close together, which prevents any air from passing through into the trachea

Question 15

Trachea

Answer 15

Extends downward and bifurcates at the carina

Question 16

Carina

Answer 16

Located at the second intercostal space anteriorly or the fourth thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

Question 17

Alveoli

Answer 17

Air sacs of the lungs, with oxygenated air

Question 18

Ventilation

Answer 18

Mechanical process that relies on changes in pressure inside the thorax to move air in and out of the lungs

Question 19

Boyle’s Law

Answer 19

States that an increase in the pressure exerted on a gas will decrease the volume of gas

Question 20

Compliance

Answer 20

A measure of the ability of the chest wall and lungs stretch, distend, and expand

Question 21

Airway Resistance

Answer 21

Related to the ease of airflow down the conduit of airway structures leading to the alveoli

Question 22

Minute Volume

Answer 22

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

Question 23

Tidal Volume (Vt)

Answer 23

Volume of air breathed in with each individual breath

Question 24

Frequency of Ventilation (f)

Answer 24

Generally calculated as the number of ventilations in one minute

Question 25

Alveolar Ventilation

Answer 25

Amount of air moved in and out of the alveoli in one minute

Question 26

Dead Air Space (Vd)

Answer 26

Consists of an atomic areas in the respiratory tract where air collects during inhalation

Question 27

Chemical Chemoreceptors

Answer 27

Located near the respiratory center in the medulla These receptors are most sensitive to carbon dioxide and changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 28

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Answer 28

Located in the aortic arch and the carotid bodies in the neck Somewhat sensitive to CO2 and pH but are most sensitive to the level of oxygen in the arterial blood

Question 29

Irritant Receptors

Answer 29

Stimulate a cough

Question 30

Stretch Receptors

Answer 30

Stimulate a decrease in the rate and volume of ventilation when stretched by high tidal volumes to protect the lungs from over inflating

Question 31

J-Receptors

Answer 31

Stimulate rapid, shallow ventilation

Question 32

Respiratory Control Centers

Answer 32

Receive sensory input and transmit impulses to the skeletal muscles controlling ventilation, causing them to either contract or relax, depending on the impulse

Question 33

Ventral Resoiratory Group (VRG)

Answer 33

Responsible for initiating neural impulses that stimulate the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm, causing them to contract, which results in inhalation

Question 34

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

Answer 34

Responsible for sending the nerve impulses to the spinal cord to be transmitted to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles causing them to contract

Question 35

Pontine Respiratory Center

Answer 35

Sends inhibitory impulses to the VRG1 to turn off the inhalation

Question 36

Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Ratio

Answer 36

Describes the dynamic relationship between the amount of ventilation the alveoli receive and the amount of perfusion through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli

Question 37

Low Hemoglobin Level

Answer 37

Anemic

Question 38

Dyspnea

Answer 38

Trouble Breathing

Question 39

Cellular Hypoxia

Answer 39

A lack of oxygen available to the cells and hypercarbia

Question 40

Hypercarbia

Answer 40

A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 41

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 41

An oxygen molecule binds with hemoglobin

Question 42

Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 42

Without Hemoglobin

Question 43

Venous

Answer 43

Veins

Question 44

Plasma Oncotic Pressure

Answer 44

Responsible for keeping fluid inside the vessels

Question 45

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 45

The force inside the vessel or capillary bed generated by the contraction of the heart and the blood pressure

Question 46

Cardiac Output

Answer 46

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in 1 minute

Question 48

Heart Rate

Answer 48

Number of times the heart contracts in 1 min

Question 49

Stroke Volume

Answer 49

The volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each contraction

Question 50

Preload

Answer 50

Pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (the resting phase of the cardiac cycle)

Question 51

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

Answer 51

The stretch of the muscle fiber at the end of diastole determines the force available to eject the blood from the ventricle

Question 52

Afterload

Answer 52

The resistance in the aorta that must be overcome by contraction of the left ventricle to eject blood

Question 53

Systemic Vascular Resistance (VSR)

Answer 53

The resistance that is offered to blood flow through a vessel

Question 54

Pulse Pressure

Answer 54

The difference between the systolic and the diastolic blood pressure readings

Question 55

Microcirculation

Answer 55

The flow of blood through the smallest blood vessels- the Arterioles, capillaries, and venules

Question 56

Baroreceptors

Answer 56

Stretch-sensitive receptors, located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses, that detect changes in blood pressure