Chapter 8: Perception Interventions

Question 1

perception

Answer 1

a persons cognitive interpretation of events

Question 2

what prevents us from being aware of life?

Answer 2

the routine of daily experience

Question 3

attitude of gratitude

Answer 3

focusing on things about which we can be grateful for

Question 4

optimistic women are less likely to develop …

Answer 4

coronary heart disease, died from coronary heart disease and die of cancer

Question 5

humor can be effective way of coping with what?

Answer 5

stress

Question 6

14 year olds laugh every ____ minutes while adults taught only ____ times a day.

Answer 6

4

15

Question 7

humor can take several forms

Answer 7

exaggeration/hyperbole

incongruity (two or more incompatible ideas or feelings)

surprise

slapstick

sarcasm

pun

irony

Question 8

laughter increases…

Answer 8

muscular activity, respiratory activity, oxygen exchange, heart rate, and the production of catecholamines and endorphins which are then followed by a relaxation state

Question 9

humor can also help the elderly. it can …

Answer 9

improve function of immune system

increase tolerance of pain

decrease stress response

can be used as therapy in hospitals

Question 10

laughter combats ____

Answer 10

cancer and cal also be a way to overcome PTSD and coping with terrorism

Question 11

laughter is useful for patients receiving what kind of care?

Answer 11

palliative care - care designed to make patients comfortable rather than cure them

Question 12

type a behavior patten

Answer 12

a cluster of behaviors associated with the development of coronary heart disease

excessive competitive drive

aggressiveness

impatient

harrying sense of time urgency

free floating but well rationalized form of hostility and insecurity

associated with coronary heart disease

experience more job stress

more health problems

more likely to have heart attacks (acute myocardial infarction) than type B

most likely to survive heart attack than type B

increased risk of angina pectoris (chest pain)

usually heavy smokers and use alcohol

more likely to experience traffic accident than B

takes longer to recover to baseline levels from stress

Question 13

type b behavior pattern

Answer 13

behavior pattern that is not excessively competitive, with no free floating hostility and no sense of time urgency. also develops coronary heart disease

Question 14

two components of type A that operate in opposing directions

Answer 14

impatience/irritability (II)

characterized by impatience, time urgency, irritability

associated with physical health complaints, depression, job satisfaction, marital dissatisfaction 
--
achievement striving (AS)

characterized by job dedication, target setting and hard driving behavior

Question 15

ways to decrease type A behavior

Answer 15

separate those things that have to get done from those things you only wish to get done

maintain journal and list things that anger and frustrate you. identify triggers

slow down

take a deep breath before engaging in activities

allows others to complete a task at their own pace

refrain from interrupting people or trying to speed them up

focus on things you are doing rather than multitasking

engage in relaxation exercise and physical activities

Question 16

self esteem

Answer 16

how highly you regard yourself - which can affect how you behave.

Question 17

why is self esteem important?

Answer 17

if you don’t think well of yourself you will not trust your opinions or decisions, and you will be more apt to be influenced by others

may form to behaviors of those you interact with

Question 18

poor self esteem is related to …

Answer 18

drug abuse

irresponsible sexual behavior

other unhealthy activities

self esteem is learned

Question 19

type c

Answer 19

a personality type proposed to be associated with the development of cancer

denial and suppression of emotions such as anger, resentment, honesty and pathological niceness

poor ability to cope with stress

compliment and patient

avoids conflicts

Question 20

type d

Answer 20

a personality type associated with the development of and death from coronary heart disease.

negative emotions

depressed, anxious, irritable and insecure
glass empty than full
tense and inhibited around others

Question 21

the very essence of stress management requires _____ in yourself and in your decisions to control your life effectively

Answer 21

CONFIDENCE

Question 22

self efficacy is related to

Answer 22

recover from PTSD, academic success to college, occupational stress, depression, life satisfaction, and less stress and burnout

mothers who were self efficacious - who felt confident in their mothering role - were found to have such an effect on their children’s oral health habits -children brushed teeth more often

Question 23

improving self esteem

Answer 23

identify the part of yourself you want to feel better

Question 24

external locus of control

Answer 24

believe they have little control over events that affects one’s life

less likely to take action to control their lives

prefer gambling games of chance rather than skill. prefer roulette and bingo

blame their success and failures on things outside themselves

Question 25

internal locus of control

Answer 25

believe they have a good deal of control of events that affect one's life know more about their situation because they seek information prefer poker and blackjack gambling games accept responsibility for their success and failures

Question 26

locus of control

Answer 26

related to chronic fatigue syndrome, sick leave from work, and psychological and behavioral responses to a diagnosis of human papillomavirus

Question 27

cocreator perception deficiency (CCPD)

Answer 27

the belief that one is either the victim of circumstances or the master of circumstances, each of which is erroneous

Question 28

anxiety

Answer 28

an unrealistic fear that manifests itself in physiological arousal and behaviors to avoid or escape the anxiety provoking stimulus

Question 29

to feel anxious these must be present ...

Answer 29

feel fear your heart race, respiratory rate, blood pressure and other physiological processes must be aroused must seek to escape the stimulus making you anxious once it presents itself, or seek to avoid it in the first place fear must be unrealistic

Question 30

test anxiety

Answer 30

involves worry and emotionality worry is concerned with failing emotional refers to unpleasant feelings and physiological reactions Brought on by tests

Question 31

state anxiety

Answer 31

anxiety that is either temporary in nature or specific to a particular stimulus

Question 32

trait anxiety

Answer 32

a general state of anxiety not specific to a particular stimulus

Question 33

panic disorder (attack)

Answer 33

a condition in which feelings of terror arise from unrealistic fear, resulting in symptoms such as feeling numb, sweaty, weak, and faint, flushed, chilled, chest pain or smothering sensation, sense of loss of control can't predict when attack will occur and many develop intense anxiety between episodes worrying when next will strike affect 6 million adults as is twice as common in women than men often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood and the risk in developing it is inherited NOT EVERYONE WHO HAS PANIC ATTACKS WILL DEVELOP PANIC DISORDER these people avoid situations where they may feel helpless if a panic attack were to occur

Question 34

agoraphobia

Answer 34

when people's lives become so restricted, (1/3 of people)

Question 35

social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

Answer 35

overwhelming fear and excessive self consciousness in everyday situations; a chronic fear of being watched by others and not performing well ex - fear of public speaking unable to overcome it even if they know they have it can be limited to one type of situation - example speaking in formal setting OR severe where they have symptoms when they are around almost anybody physical symptoms: blushing, profuse sweating, trembling, nausea, difficult talking affects 15 million adults women and men equal in getting it usually begins in childhood or early adolescence can be TREATED with psychotherapy or medications relaxation and breathing exercises help reduce symptoms

Question 36

specific phobia

Answer 36

an intense fear of something that poses little or no actual danger ex - close in spaces, heights, escalators, tunnels, water, flying, dogs ... irrational fears of particular things affects 19.2 million adults twice as common in women than men usually appear in childhood or adolescence and persist into adulthood can be treated with psychotherapy. relaxation helps reduce symptoms

Question 37

coping techniques

Answer 37

environmental planning - if you have fear of crowds, live in a small town. if you have fear of flying don't live close to airports relabeling - relabel any negative experience as a positive one self talk - ask yourself what the real risk is thought stopping - when you experience negative thoughts, shut them off. learn deep muscle relaxation techniques systematic desensitization - either imagining or encountering an anxiety provoking stimulus while practicing relaxation cognitive restructuring - a method of coping with anxiety that involves thinking about an anxiety provoking event as less threatening the ABCDE technique.- a method of examining irrational beliefs that make us anxious, changing those beliefs and envisioning more positive consequences of our actions. activate agent (identify stressor) belief system (identify rational and irrational belief) consequences (mental, physical, and behavioral) dispute irrational beliefs effect (changed consequences)

Question 38

fear hierarchy

Answer 38

- a list of small steps to move through anxiety provoking stimulus

Question 39

armchair desensitization

Answer 39

a form of systematic desensitization in which the stimulus is imagined

Question 40

in vivo desensitization

Answer 40

a form of systematic desensitization in which the stimulus is actually encountered

Question 41

resiliency

Answer 41

the ability to identify and make use of strengths and assets to respond to challenges, thereby growing as an individual resilient traits include: happiness, optimism, self determination, creativity, a sense of morality and self control, gratitude, forgiveness and humility spirituality is an important variable used by resilient people to become resilient: make list of strengths. when confronted with challenges, select those strengths that seem most applicable, then analyze what you did, how successful it was and how you can refine process

Question 42

hardiness

Answer 42

a state of mind and body that includes commitment, control and challenge seem to withstand stressors lower blood pressure and triglycerides related to mental health, management of chronic illness, helping family caregivers from becoming depressed, preventing work stress and increasing job satisfactions and preventing burnout helps diminish feelings of depressions