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ap human geo > chapter 8: political geography > Flashcards

chapter 8: political geography Flashcards

1
Q

political geography

A

study on how and why political spaces emerge & how they effect social, political, economic, and environmental understandings and practices

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2
Q

state

A

a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community

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3
Q

territoriality

A

sense of property and attachment to territory → determination to defend it

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4
Q

sovereignty

A

final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states

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5
Q

territorial integrity

A

the right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states

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6
Q

mercantilism

A

promotion of commercialism & trade

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7
Q

peace of westphalia

A

negotiated in 1648 to end 30 years war
recognized statehood & nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

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8
Q

nation

A

term encompassing all the citizens of a state; tightly knit group of people who bond over language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes

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9
Q

nation-state

A

a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty where everyone sees themselves as a united nation
the goal for many countries but not common
desire of government → stability in society but cancels out other forms of identity (only nationalism) → can lead to focus on race → “pure/superior race”

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10
Q

democracy

A

government based on the principles that the people have final say over what happens within the state

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11
Q

multinational state

A

state where there is more than one nation in its borders
ex. former yugoslavia

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12
Q

multistate nation

A

nation that stretches across state borders
ex. transylvania (romania & hungary)

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13
Q

stateless nation

A

nation that does not have a state
ex.palestine, kurdistan

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14
Q

colonialism

A

rule by an autonomous power iver a subordinate and alien people and place

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15
Q

world-systems theory

A

Immanuel Wallerstein → three tier structure
social change is linked to economic activities

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16
Q

capitalism

A

economic model wherein people. corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market to get profit

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17
Q

commodiication

A

where something that did not have monetary value is now given monetary value

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18
Q

core

A

states that incorporate higher levels of education, salaries, and more technology
these states generate the most wealth in the 3 tier system

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19
Q

periphery

A

states that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; generate least wealth

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20
Q

semiperiphery

A

places where the core & periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but exploit the periphery

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21
Q

centripetal

A

forces that UNIFY a country
ex. commitment to natl culture, shared ideological objectives, and common faith

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22
Q

centrifugal

A

forces that DIVIDE a country
ex. religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

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23
Q

unitary

A

a nation-state that has a centralized gov & administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state
→ minority groups get suppressed

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24
Q

federal

A

political territory where a central gov represents regions
common interests: defense, foreign affairs, etc
→ state rights v fed gov

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25
Q

devolution

A

where regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central gov

26
Q

territorial representation

A

system wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district

27
Q

reapportionment

A

representative districts are switched according to population shifts

28
Q

splitting

A

where majority-minority districts are spread evenly across each if the districts, ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts

29
Q

majority-minority districts

A

district where the majority of the population is part of a minority

30
Q

gerrymandering

A

redistricting for an advantage

31
Q

boundary

A

vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above

32
Q

geometric boundary

A

political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or arc

33
Q

physical-political boundary

A

political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent feature in the natural landscape

34
Q

heartland theory

A

Halford Mackinder → any political power based in the heart of eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world

35
Q

critical geopolitics

A

where geopoliticians focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians

36
Q

unilateralism

A

world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies

37
Q

supranational organization

A

a venture involving 3+ nation-states → political, economic, cultural cooperation

38
Q

deterritorialization

A

the movement of economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states

39
Q

reterritorialization

A

when people within a place start to produce an aspect of pop culture but make it their own

40
Q

sack

A

boundaries are not instinct, they depend on context, for military and political control

41
Q

ardey

A

boundaries are instinctual, animals have always controlled and defended their own land

42
Q

nation-state: french revolution & nationalism

A

people: loyal& belief in nation
state: → depends on relations with other countries + national identities can lead to bigotry, racism, & genocide

43
Q

19th century goals

A

unity as a “national whole” FR & SP
bring together a shared culture GER
separate from dominating group IRE NOR POL ITY

44
Q

capitalism: world = 1 market

A

when one country goes down, all go down bc of connectedness
(global division of labor)

45
Q

4 Ds to establishing boundaries

A

Define
Delimit
Demarcate
aDministrate

46
Q

define

A

write down where the boundary lies (longitude & latitude) on a legal document that is signed

47
Q

delimit

A

drawing a line on a map

48
Q

demarcate

A

physically define boundary
ex. signs, fence, wall, posts

49
Q

administrate

A

maintain & patrol border with cooperation between both states

50
Q

disputes over borders

A
  1. legal language of definition of border
  2. location / interpretation of demarcation + over cultural points
  3. operation of border (migration control + smuggling)
  4. allocation of resources (water & oil)
51
Q

peaceful ethnocultural devolution

A

czechoslovakia → czech republic & slovakia
lithuania, latvia, estonia breakaway from russia

52
Q

conflict ethnocultural devolution

A

yugoslavia (serbians & bosnians): ethnic cleansing, war, violence
sudan (N&S): ethnic cleansing, religious + ethnically motivated
srilanka (buddhist shinhalese & hindu tamil): civil war
china (muslim uighurs & buddhist tibetans)

53
Q

economic devolution

A

Brazil: pampas (S WEALTHY) &Amazonia (N POOR)
Spain: catalonia (majority of exports originate from)
Italy: N wealth tall & pale S poor short & dark

54
Q

spatial devolution

A

remoteness from main gov
corsica & sardina
puerto rico & US
zanzibar & tanzinia
Jolo & philippines
singapore & malaysia

55
Q

analyzation of space and voting

A

church affiliation, income, ethnicity, education, socioeconomic factors affect voting patterns

56
Q

porupt state shape

A

an area of the state protrudes from the central region ex. thailand

57
Q

perforated

A

states that are encompassed by another state

58
Q

compact

A

distance from center does not vary

59
Q

elongated

A

the state extends in two opposite directions

60
Q

fragmented

A

states with two or more fragmented pieces

61
Q

boundary typed

A

antecedent: predates development of political communities
subsequent: evolves with cultural landscape
superimposed: drawn by outsiders
relict: border that no longer functions

ap human geo (12 decks)

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