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ap human geo > chapter 3: migration > Flashcards

chapter 3: migration Flashcards

1
Q

bracero program

A

a 1940s-era US government program designed to encourage Mexicans to come to the US to work as contract laborers

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2
Q

refugee camps

A

temporary settlements set up to accommodate people who flee their homelands in the face of civil unrest, oppression, or warfare

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3
Q

remittances

A

money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

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4
Q

reverse remittances

A

money flowing from Mexico to the US

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5
Q

cyclic movement

A

movement – for example, nomadic migration – that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

daily movement

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6
Q

periodic movement

A

movement – for example, college attendance or military service– that involves temporary or recurrent location

away for a long period of time

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7
Q

migration

A

a change in residence intended to be permanent

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8
Q

activity spaces

A

space within which daily activity occurs

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9
Q

nomadism

A

movement among a definite set of places – often cyclic movement

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10
Q

transhumance

A

a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

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11
Q

International migration

A

human movement involving movement across international boundaries

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12
Q

emigration

A

the act of a person leaving a country or area to settle elsewhere

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13
Q

immigration

A

the act of a person migrating into a new country or area

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14
Q

internal migration

A

human movements within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the united states

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15
Q

forced migration

A

human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate

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16
Q

voluntary migration

A

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to

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17
Q

human trafficking

A

a form of forced migration in which organized criminal elements move people illegally from one place to another, typically either to work as involuntary laborers or to participate in the commercial sex trade

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18
Q

laws of migration

A

developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predicted the flow of migrants

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19
Q

gravity model

A

a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them

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20
Q

push fcators

A

negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale

ex.
- working conditions (not enough pay)
- cost of living
- poor personal safety (wartime)
- catastrophe

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21
Q

pull factors

A

positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

ex.
- result of perception
- better jobs
- safer
- positive images & expectations

22
Q

distance decay

A

the effects of distance in interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

23
Q

step migration

A

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town or city

24
Q

intervening opportunity

A

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

25
Q

deportation

A

the act of a government sending a migrant out of its country and back to the migrant’s home country

26
Q

kinship links

A

types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant’s decision to go where family or friends have already found success

27
Q

chain migration

A

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (ie. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicates through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn migrate there)

28
Q

immigration wave

A

phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination

29
Q

colonization

A

physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

30
Q

guest worker

A

guest worker who has a work visa, usually a short term

31
Q

regional scale

A

interactions occurring within a region, ina. regional setting

32
Q

migration

A

a change in residence intended to be permanent

33
Q

islands of development

A

place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

34
Q

russiafication

A

the soviet policy to promote the diffusion of Russian culture throughout the republics of the former soviet union

35
Q

refugees

A

people who have fled their country because of political persecution and to seek asylum in another country

36
Q

internally displaced persons

A

people who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee

37
Q

asylum

A

shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

38
Q

repatriation

A

a refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization

39
Q

immigration laws

A

laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state

40
Q

selective immigration

A

process to control immigration on which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from immigrating (ie. criminal records, poor health, subversive activities)

41
Q

ravenstein theory

A

laws of migration
1. when people move there is a counter movement
2. majority of the people moving only move a short distance
3. if move long distance → cities
4. urbanites less migratory than rural folks
5. family = less likely to move internationally

42
Q

types of push and pull factors

A

legal status, economic reasons, power relationships, politics

43
Q

major migration routes

A

1 europe → na ( colonial period )
2 S europe → s & central america (cp)
3 british → africa & australia (cp)
4 importation of africans to w hemisphere ( slavery )
5 indians → E africa, SE asia, & caribbean [brit colonies]
6 chinese migrants → s asia
7 westward migration in US
8 eastward migration russia → central asia

44
Q

regional movement

A
  • reconnecting with cultures
  • fleeing conflict
  • migratory workers
  • war / political unrest
  • island of development
  • laborers moving to se asia (thailand, malay, singapore, philippines
  • discovery of oil
45
Q

national movement: economic opportunities

A
  • US before 1950
    manifest destiny
    the great migration
    movement s
  • russia
    e movement
    assimilation of minorities
    rr + naval base
  • guest workers
    from mexico away from internal struggles
46
Q

national movement: violence & displacement

A
  • africa
    tragic war / genocide
  • Middle east
    war in poor countries
    palestine conflict
  • balkans
    genocide in bosnia and serbia
47
Q

national movement: drugs

A

latin america
- drug wars
columbia → venez. → haiti → dom rep → mex → us

  • haiti
    earthquake, hurricane, assassination, outbreak
48
Q

legal restrictions on immigration

A

chinese exclusion act
aus: nonwhite exculsion
quotas & isolationism (2→3%)

49
Q

usa and immigration

A

wasp pop (white anglosax protestants)
no irish
se europe immigrants
isolationism
9/11 and security → deterring from muslim countries

50
Q

countries with chinese migrants

A

philippines, thailand, myanmar, singapore, indonesia, vietnam

51
Q

map refugees

A

iraq & afghanistan highest

52
Q

expanding slums

A

mumbai, india
60% pop in shanties

ap human geo (12 decks)

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