Chapter 8; Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

Ethnicity

Answer 1

cultural characteristics such as language, religion, taste in food, shared descent, cultural traditions, and shared geographic locations

Question 2

ethnic origin/objective ethnicity

Answer 2

ancestral background

Question 3

ethnic identity/subjective ethnicity

Answer 3

how you personally identify yourself

Question 4

race

Answer 4

a socially constructed category used to classify people according to physical characteristics

Question 5

racialization

Answer 5

the process by which groups come to be designated as being of a particular race and on that basis subjected to different/unequal treatment

Question 6

visible minorities

Answer 6

persons, other than Indigenous persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or colour

Question 7

racialized group

Answer 7

people of colour who are disproportionately affected by the process of racialization

Question 8

percents

Answer 8

21% foreign born, 5% express Indigenous identity, 19% belong to racialized groups

Question 9

By when will more Canadians will either be foreign born or 1st gen immigrants

Answer 9

2036

Question 10

refugee

Answer 10

person forced to flee because of persecution

Question 11

Immigration and refugee protection act objectives

Answer 11

reunite families
contribute to Canadas economic development
protect refugees

Question 12

family class immigrants

Answer 12

are sponsored by close relatives living in Canada

Question 13

economic immigrants

Answer 13

selected on the basis of education, occupational skills, ect. and the ability to contribute to the Canadian economy

Question 14

when did immigration in Canada peak

Answer 14

1913, 400,000 people

Question 15

What is immigration motivated by

Answer 15

push factors; motivate people to leave their country of origin, and pull factors; economic prosperity, need for workers, and immigration policies

Question 16

racialization in immigration policies

Answer 16

chinese head tax
chinese exclusion act
a gentlemans agreement with Japan (400/year)
the continuous journey regulation (no immigrants from India)
prohibition of hutterites, mennonites, and doukhobors
black people discouraged
no jews

Question 17

what happened in 1960 to the immigration policy?

Answer 17

a points based immigration system was implemented and race, ethnicity, and nationality were removed as components of the immigration policy

Question 18

family experiences

Answer 18

nuclear families vs. extended households

Question 19

family independence

Answer 19

immigrant families have more adult supervison
immigrant children are more likely to co-reside with parents longer

Question 20

bicultural

Answer 20

participating in 2 distinct cultures simultaneously

Question 21

adaptation patterns

Answer 21

integration pattern
ethnic pattern
national pattern
diffuse pattern

Question 22

integration pattern

Answer 22

where youth identify with both their heritage culture and their new, national culture

Question 23

ethnic pattern

Answer 23

youth identify primarily with their heritage culture

Question 24

national pattern

Answer 24

youth identify primarily with their new, national culture

Question 25

diffuse pattern

Answer 25

youth who are confused about how they should be adapting to their bi-cultural experiences

Question 26

diverse economic experiences

Answer 26

indigenous employment rate 73% 26/hour 1/2 population went to post secondary non-indigenous employment rate 87% 27.41/hour 2/3 went to post secondary level of education impacts the degree of income disparity

Question 27

who has a lower average income despite having higher levels of education

Answer 27

immigrants income disparity has increased

Question 28

why the disadvantage for the immigrant population

Answer 28

degree of proficiency in english/french real or perceived differences in education or labour market experience level of support within the ethnic community willingness to move within canada preference for canadian work experience discrimination

Question 29

dominant groups

Answer 29

have institutionalized power and privilege in society

Question 30

minority groups

Answer 30

definable groups that are socially disadvantaged and face unequal treatment

Question 31

forms of interactions between dominant and minority groups

Answer 31

1. assimilation ethnocide the indian act residential schools 2. cultural pluralism 3. segregation 4. population transfer

Question 32

assimilation and the different types

Answer 32

when a minority group is absorbed into the culture of the dominant group. can be voluntary; ex. immigration, or coercive; ex. colonization assimilation is more likely to be segmented than linear

Question 33

ethnocide

Answer 33

the eradication of a culture

Question 34

the indian act

Answer 34

made all first nations people wards of the federal government

Question 35

residential schools

Answer 35

a boarding school funded by the canadian government used to assimilate indigenous kids, death rate of 47%

Question 36

cultural pluralism

Answer 36

cultural differences are celebrated and maintained ex. switzerland, ethnic diversity is valued in society. Canada, multiculturalism as an official policy

Question 37

objectives of cultural pluralism

Answer 37

assist cultural groups to retain their identity assist cultural groups to overcome barriers to their full participation in canadian society promote creative exchanges among all canadian culture groups assist immigrants in acquiring at least 1 official language

Question 38

3 stages of federal multiculturalism

Answer 38

1. incipent stage (pre 1971), institutions based on a british model 2. formative period (1971-1981), multiculturalism became an official policy 3. institutionalization (1982), multiculturalism was legislated

Question 39

segregation

Answer 39

minority groups are seperated from the dominant group anti-miscegenation laws; prohibited interracial marriage

Question 39

population transfer

Answer 39

forcibly expels members of certain minority groups from a country or limits them to a location ex. reserve system, acadians, ukrainian/japanese internment camps

Question 40

prejudice

Answer 40

an attitude unrelated to reality and is generalized to all members of a certain group

Question 41

racism

Answer 41

specific form of prejudice based on aspects of physical appearance

Question 42

components of prejudice

Answer 42

cognitive component affective components behavioural component

Question 42

cognitive component

Answer 42

what we think, stereotypes are the foundation (overgeneralizations)

Question 43

affective component

Answer 43

how we feel, the emotions we attach to stereotypes

Question 44

behavioural component

Answer 44

how we act, prejudice put into action is discrimination: treating someone unfairly because of their group membership, occurs from the individual to the institutional level

Question 45

hate crimes

Answer 45

criminal offences that are motivated by hate towards an identifiable group

Question 46

institutional/systemic discrimination

Answer 46

is embedded in policies/practices within organizations, ex. discriminatory hiring practices

Question 47

interactionist theories

Answer 47

significant others, the generalized other, and the looking-glass self contribute to our understandings of ethnicity and group relationships framing of ethnicity in the media have important implications

Question 48

frames of ethnicity

Answer 48

invisibility: members of racialized groups are absent from the media stereotyping socially problematic: racialized groups are portrayed as a threat to society adornment: suggests overidealization white-washed: experiences of racialized groups are portrayed as the same as non-racialized groups (includes white actors playing non-white roles)

Question 49

conflict theories

Answer 49

groups in power have a vested interest in maintaining prejudice, if powerless groups are fighting among themselves, they will not join together to fight against the larger structure of power in society

Question 50

dual/split labour market theory

Answer 50

members of the dominant group develop prejudice against minority groups to protect their positions in the primary labour market (higher paid, more secure jobs with upward mobility). the secondary labour market=poorly paid, insecure, little opportunity for advancement, minority groups are overrepresent

Question 51

critical race theory

Answer 51

racism is not the product of prejudice, rather it is the typical way that society conducts its affairs. white privilege: the advancement/benefits in society that are based solely on being white, is embedded in every institution