Chapter 8: Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain

Question 1

Sensory Processing

Answer 1

Sensory receptor organs detect energy/substances

Question 2

What question do sensory receptors answer?

Answer 2

What type of stimulus was that?

Question 3

Where does sensory processing begin?

Answer 3

Receptor Cells

Question 4

Sensory processing is ___ and ___.

Answer 4

1. Selective
2. Analytical

Question 5

Sensory Receptor Organs

Answer 5

Organs specialized to detect a certain stimulus.

Question 6

Receptor Cells

Answer 6

Cells within the organ that convert the stimulus into an electrical signal and transmit it back to the CNS.

Question 7

Receptor organs are very ___.

Answer 7

diverse

Question 8

What is an example of a receptor organ?

Answer 8

Eyes

Question 9

Adequate Stimulus

Answer 9

A type of stimulus to which a sensory organ is particularly adapted.

Question 10

What is an example of an adequate stimulus?

Answer 10

Light for your eye

Question 11

How do you classify sensory systems?

Answer 11

1. Type
2. Specific modality
3. Adequate stimuli

Question 12

What is an example of the restricted range of sensory systems?

Answer 12

The frequency range for hearing (varies per species)

Question 13

What type of energy do all senses use?

Answer 13

Action potential

Question 14

Labeled Lines

Answer 14

The brain recognizes distinct senses because AP travel along separate nerve tracts.

Question 15

Sensory Transduction

Answer 15

The conversion of electrical energy from a stimulus into a change in membrane potential in a receptor cell.

Question 16

Generator Potentials

Answer 16

Local changes in membrane potential.

Question 17

Pacinian Corpuscle

Answer 17

A skin receptor that detects vibration.

Question 18

What happens when a stimulus is added to the corpuscle?

Answer 18

A graded electrical potential is produced.

Question 19

Coding

Answer 19

Patterns of AP in a sensory system that reflect a stimulus.

Question 20

Range Fractionation

Answer 20

Different cells have different thresholds for firing, over a range of stimulus intensities.

Question 21

Why is range fractionation important?

Answer 21

Individual cells often cannot reflect the entire range of a stimulus.

Question 22

Somatosensory System

Answer 22

Detects body sensations (touch and pain)

Question 23

How is stimulus location determined?

Answer 23

The position of activated receptors.

Question 24

Adaption

Answer 24

The progressive loss of response to a maintained stimulus.

Question 25

Tonic Receptors

Answer 25

Show slow or no decline in action potential frequency.

Question 26

Phasic Receptors

Answer 26

Display adaptation and decrease frequency of action potentials.

Question 27

What is the purpose of adaption?

Answer 27

Shows changes in the environment.

Question 28

Accessory Structures

Answer 28

Additional components attached to a primary organ.

Question 29

Example of accessory structure

Answer 29

Eyelids

Question 30

Central Modulation of Sensory Modulation

Answer 30

Higher brain centers suppress some sensory inputs and amplify others.

Question 31

Sensory Pathway

Answer 31

Neurons connecting to other neurons.

Question 32

Where do most neural pathways pass through?

Answer 32

Thalamus

Question 33

Where do pathways terminate?

Answer 33

Cerebral Cortex

Question 34

Receptive Field

Answer 34

The space in which a stimulus will alter a neuron's firing rate.

Question 35

What do receptive fields differ in?

Answer 35

1. Size 2. Shape 3. Response types to stimulation

Question 36

How can receptive fields be examined?

Answer 36

Experimentally

Question 37

Initial Receptor Cell

Answer 37

Relatively small receptive field - Cell fires more when stimulus occurs in its field

Question 38

What happens when you move to higher level neurons?

Answer 38

You get larger receptive fields due to the convergence of input from multiple sensory cells.

Question 39

Center Surround System

Answer 39

Stimulation of the center produces the opposite effect of stimulation in the surroundings.

Question 40

What does the center surround system create?

Answer 40

A sharper contrast in sensation of the stimulus.

Question 41

Primary Sensory Cortex

Answer 41

Exists for each modality

Question 42

Secondary Sensory Cortex

Answer 42

Receives its main input from the primary cortical area for that modality.

Question 43

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1)

Answer 43

Receives touch information from the opposite side of the body.

Question 44

Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (S2)

Answer 44

Maps both sides of the body

Question 45

What do association areas in the brain show?

Answer 45

A mixture of inputs from different modalities.

Question 46

Polymodal Cells

Answer 46

Allow for inter-sensory interactions

Question 47

Synesthesia

Answer 47

A stimulus in one modality creates a sensation in another.

Question 48

Example of synesthesia

Answer 48

1. A person may perceive colors when looking at letters 2. Identify taste when hearing a tone

Question 49

What system is touch a part of?

Answer 49

The somatosensory system

Question 50

What are the 4 tactile receptors that perceive touch?

Answer 50

1. Pacinian Corpuscles 2. Meissner's Corpuscles 3. Merkel's Discs 4. Ruffini's Endings

Question 51

1. Pacinian Corpuscles

Answer 51

Vibration, fast adapting

Question 52

2. Meissners Corpuscles

Answer 52

Touch, fast adapting

Question 53

3. Merkel's Discs

Answer 53

Touch, slow adapting

Question 54

4. Ruffini's Endings

Answer 54

Stretch, slow adapting

Question 55

Dorsal Column System

Answer 55

Delivers touch information to the brain.

Question 56

Dermatome

Answer 56

A strip of skin innervated by a particular spinal root.

Question 57

How are brain regions arranged?

Answer 57

The body surface plan

Question 58

What do brain regions reflect?

Answer 58

The density of body innervation.

Question 59

What can change receptive fields?

Answer 59

Experience

Question 60

What does the cortical map represent?

Answer 60

The innervation of a body region.

Question 61

What happens to the cortical area when the body region is servered?

Answer 61

It shrinks

Question 62

What happens when a body region is completely removed?

Answer 62

The cortical area for the adjacent regions will expand.

Question 63

Pain

Answer 63

An unpleasant experience associated with tissue damage

Question 64

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain

Answer 64

An inherited syndrome that can still discriminate touch.

Question 65

Touch and pain are ___ systems.

Answer 65

separate

Question 66

Nociceptors

Answer 66

Peripheral receptors that respond to painful stimuli.

Question 67

Free Nerve Endings

Answer 67

Located in the dermis and have specialized proteins that respond to temp changes, chemicals, and pain.

Question 68

Capsaicin

Answer 68

The "hot" in chili peppers

Question 69

TRPV1

Answer 69

The receptor that binds to capsaicin. - detects painful heat

Question 70

TRP2

Answer 70

- Detects even higher temps - Does not respond too capsaicin Found on Ao Fibers

Question 71

Ao Fibers

Answer 71

Large myelinated axons that register pain quickly.

Question 72

Where are TRPV1 receptors located?

Answer 72

On C fibers

Question 73

C Fibers

Answer 73

Thin, un myelinated axons that conduct slowly, producing lasting pain.

Question 74

Cool Menthol Receptor 1 (CMR1)

Answer 74

Responds to menthol and cold temps

Question 75

Where are CMR1 receptors located?

Answer 75

C Fibers

Question 76

Anterolateral/Spinothalamic System

Answer 76

Free nerve endings that synapse on spinal neurons that transmit the sensations of pain and temperature.

Question 77

Where is pain information integrated?

Answer 77

Cingulate Cortex

Question 78

Analgesia

Answer 78

The loss of pain sensation.

Question 79

Opioids

Answer 79

Drugs that control pain

Question 80

Opioid Peptides

Answer 80

The endogenous neurotransmitters in the brain.

Question 81

What are the three classes of endogenous opioids?

Answer 81

1. Endorphins 2. Enkephalins 3. Dynorphins

Question 82

Opioid Receptors

Answer 82

Respond to opiates/opioids

Question 83

Periaqueductal Gray

Answer 83

An area in the midbrain involved in pain perception.

Question 84

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

Answer 84

Delivers electrical pulses to the skin which relieve pain by stimulating the nerves around them.

Question 85

Naloxone

Answer 85

An opioid antagonist that can block the pain relieving effects of TENS

Question 86

TENS depends on...

Answer 86

Endogenous opioid release

Question 87

Placebo

Answer 87

Can sometimes relieve pain even though it is an inherit substance

Question 88

What type of pain do C Fibers relate to?

Answer 88

Long lasting pain

Question 89

What type of pain do AO Fibers relate to?

Answer 89

Initial pain

Question 90

What is releases to cause itching?

Answer 90

Histamine

Question 91

What type of pain modulation system do we have?

Answer 91

Descending (brain sends signals down body)

Question 92

Acupuncture

Answer 92

Relieves pain by inducing endorphin release

Question 93

What supports the claim that "fake" acupuncture works just as well as "real" acupuncture

Answer 93

Placebos