Chapter 8 - Terms Flashcards by Looh Hicks

axial skeleton

central bony structure around which other parts move

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appendicular skeleton

bones of the extremities, hips, and shoulders

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cranium

domelike bone at the top of head. within it is the cranial cavity. it has 8 bones.

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suture (bones)

where two bones meet / are fused

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frontal bone

location: cranium
description: forehead and top of cranium, ends of coronal suture

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parietal bones

location: cranium
description: the upper-posterior parts on both sides of cranium (2)

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occipital bone

location: cranium
description: forms the posterior base of the cranium

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temporal bones

location: cranium
description: lower sides of cranium (around ear and temples) (2)

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sphenoid bone

location: cranium
description: a bone wedged between the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones
etymology: Greek sphen, “wedge”

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ethmoid bone

location: cranium
description: the median of left and right nasal cavities, divides the orbits
etymology: greek ethmós, “colander, sieve”

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foramen magnum

location: cranial / spinal cavities
description: opening in which spinal cord passes to join the brain
etymology: foramen - Latin for “opening”. magnum - Latin for “big”

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mastoid process

location: head
description: projection from temporal bone behind the ear
etymology: Greek mastax, “jaws”

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styloid process

location: head
description: point of attachment for ligaments to the hyoid bone
etymology: Latin stylus / stilus, “a pointed instrument”

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facial area

nose, cheeks, lips, eyes, and related internal structures. contains 12 bones.

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nasal bones

location: face
description: form the bridge of the nose and roof of the nasal cavity (2)

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vomer

location: face
description: a narrow wall that forms the inferior part of the nasal septum and continues posteriorly to the sphenoid bone
latin: vomer, “plowshare” (cutting edge of a plow)

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lacrimal bones

location: face
description: small, flat bones near the tear ducts within the eye sockets
etymology: Latin lacrima “tear”

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zygoma(tic) bones

location: face
description: the cheekbones to the the eye socket (2)
etymology: Greek zygoma, “yoke” (that which connects 2 things)

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maxilla

location: face
description: two maxillary bones fused at the midline, the upper part of the jaw (below nose) (2)
etymology: Latin maxilla “jaw”

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palatine bones

location: face
description: form the posterior hard palate (2)

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mandible

location: face
description: the lower jawbone
etymology: Latin mandibula, “jaw”

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fontanel

soft spot on a baby that fuses together later with other fontanels to form bones in the skull, resulting in the coronal and sagittal sutures

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ossicles

location: head
description: three bones in each middle ear in a chain formation (includes the malleus, incus, and stapes bone)
etymology: Latin ossiculum “little bones”, from os “bone”

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hyoid

location: neck
description: u-shaped bone in the anterior neck, attached to ligaments
etymology: Greek huoeides, “shaped like letter u”

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sternum / breastbone

location: chest description: center of the anterior thorax

manubrium

location: chest description: triangular shaped body of the sternum etymology: Latin manubrium "handle"

xiphoid process

location: chest description: inferior tip of the sternum etymology: Greek xiphoeides, "shaped like a sword"

true ribs

location: chest description: pairs 1-7 which are attached to both the vertebrae in the back and the sternum in the front directly

false ribs

location: chest description: pairs 8-10 which are attached to the vertebrae in the back and the sternum in the front via cartilage

floating ribs

location: chest description: pairs 11-12 which are only attached to the vertebrae

clavicle

location: chest description: the collar bone etymology: Latin clavicula, diminutive of clavis "key"

acromion

location: chest description: bony process on the scapula etymology: Greek akros "highest" + omos "shoulder"

scapula

location: chest description: the shoulder bone / blade etymology: Latin scapula "shoulder"

coracoid process

location: chest description: hook like structure on the lateral edge of the scapula etymology: Latin corax "raven" + -oid

glenoid fossa

location: chest description: socket where humerus joins the scapula to form a joint etymology: Greek, "a socket" + -oid + Latin fossa "ditch"

cervical vertebrae

location: back description: C1-C7, the vertebrae of the neck

thoracic vertebrae

location: back description: T1-T12, the chest (joined to each rib)

lumbar vertebrae

location: back description: L1-L5, the lower back

sacrum

location: back description: five fused together vertebrae, joined to the pelvis and hips

coccyx

location: back description: the tail bone, a group of fused bones

atlas

location: coccyx description: the first vertebrae of the coccyx

axis

location: coccyx description: the second vertebrae of the coccyx

spinous process

location: back description: projection of vertebrae to the mid back

transverse process

location: back description: bony projection to the side

carpal bones

location: hand description: 8 small bones of the wrist joint

humerus

location: arm description: long, upper arm bone, connected to the scapula at the glenoid fossa

metacarpal bones

location: hand description: five bones in each hand (one to match a finger)

phalanx

location: hand / feet description: fingers or toes at the end of each metacarpal / metatarsal

radius

location: arm description: long bone along the thumb side of lower arm

ulna

location: arm description: long bone along the pinky side of lower arm

olecranon

location: arm description: point of the elbow, a bony projection of the ulna

acetabulum

location: hips description: cup-shaped socket of the hip joint, inside the ilium and pubic bones

ilium

location: hips description: superior hip bone, joins the sacrum posteriorly

ischium

location: hips description: inferior hip bone - the seat bone

pelvis

location: hips description: hip bones + sacrum + coccyx

pubis

location: hips description: the bridge like bone anterior to the hip bones

pubic symphasis

location: hips description: mostly immobile joint between the two pubic bones

calcaneus

location: legs description: the heel bone

femur

location: legs description: the long bone of the upper leg (thigh bone)

fibula

location: legs description: thin bone of lower legs, little toe side

hallux

location: legs description: the big toe

malleolus

location: legs description: bony projection of distal tibia / fibula, sometimes mistakenly called ankle bones

metatarsal

location: legs description: five bones of the mid foot, one per toe

patella

location: legs description: the kneecap

tarsal

location: legs description: seven bones in the ankle joint

tibia

location: legs description: large bone of lower leg on great toe side, the shin bone

joint

an area where 2 bones come together

suture joint

immobile between two cranial bones

symphysis joint

slightly moveable between two pubic bones or vertebrae

synovial joint

fully moveable joint. bones are covered with articular cartilage. inner surface of the joint capsule is lined by the synovial membrane.

ligament

fibrous bands that hold 2 bones together in synovial joints

meniscus

crescent shaped cartilage in some synovial joints

cancellous bone

a spongey bone in the epiphyses of long bones. the spaces are filled with red bone marrow that makes blood cells.

cortical bone

a dense, compact bone along the diaphysis or shaft of a long bone

diaphysis

straight shaft of a long bone

epiphysis

one of two widened ends of a long bone

epiphyseal plate

area of growth in the epiphysis of a long bone

medullary (cavity)

a cavity within a shaft of a long bone that contains yellow (fatty) bone marrow

ossification

process where cartilage turns into bone from childhood to adolescence

osteoblast

a bone cell that deposits new bone. they mature into new osteocytes.

osteoclast

a bone cell that breaks down old / damaged bone by resorbing old osteocytes

osteocyte

a bone cell that maintains / monitors the mineral content of a bone. they are permanent cells in the bone.

periosteum

thick, fibrous membrane that covers the outer bone

# Reverse central bony structure around which other parts move

axial skeleton

# Reverse bones of the extremities, hips, and shoulders

appendicular skeleton

# Reverse domelike bone at the top of head. within it is the cranial cavity. it has 8 bones.

cranium

# Reverse where two bones meet / are fused

suture (bones)

# Reverse location: cranium description: forehead and top of cranium, ends of coronal suture

frontal bone

# Reverse location: cranium description: the upper-posterior parts on both sides of cranium (2)

parietal bones

# Reverse location: cranium description: forms the posterior base of the cranium

occipital bone

# Reverse location: cranium description: lower sides of cranium (around ear and temples) (2)

temporal bones

# Reverse location: cranium description: a bone wedged between the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones

sphenoid bone

# Reverse location: cranium description: the median of left and right nasal cavities, divides the orbits

ethmoid bone

# Reverse location: cranial / spinal cavities description: opening in which spinal cord passes to join the brain

foramen magnum

# Reverse projection from temporal bone behind the ear

mastoid process

# Reverse point of attachment for ligaments to the hyoid bone

styloid process

# Reverse nose, cheeks, lips, eyes, and related internal structures. contains 12 bones.

facial area

# Reverse location: face description: form the bridge of the nose and roof of the nasal cavity (2)

nasal bones

# Reverse location: face description: a narrow wall that forms the inferior part of the nasal septum and continues posteriorly to the sphenoid bone

vomer

# Reverse location: face description: small, flat bones near the tear ducts within the eye sockets

lacrimal bones

# Reverse location: face description: the cheekbones to the the eye socket (2)

zygoma(tic) bones

# Reverse location: face description: two maxillary bones fused at the midline, the upper part of the jaw (below nose) (2)

maxilla

# Reverse location: face description: form the posterior hard palate (2)

palatine bones

# Reverse location: face description: the lower jawbone

mandible

# Reverse soft spot on a baby that fuses together later with other fontanels to form bones in the skull, resulting in the coronal and sagittal sutures

fontanel

# Reverse location: head description: three bones in each middle ear in a chain formation (includes the malleus, incus, and stapes bone)

ossicles

# Reverse location: neck description: u-shaped bone in the anterior neck, attached to ligaments

hyoid

# Reverse location: chest description: center of the anterior thorax

sternum / breastbone

# Reverse location: chest description: triangular shaped body of the sternum

manubrium

# Reverse location: chest description: inferior tip of the sternum

xiphoid process

# Reverse location: chest description: pairs 1-7 which are attached to both the vertebrae in the back and the sternum in the front directly

true ribs

# Reverse location: chest description: pairs 8-10 which are attached to the vertebrae in the back and the sternum in the front via cartilage

false ribs

# Reverse location: chest description: pairs 11-12 which are only attached to the vertebrae

floating ribs

# Reverse location: chest description: the collar bone

clavicle

# Reverse location: chest description: bony process on the scapula

acromion

# Reverse location: chest description: the shoulder bone / blade

scapula

# Reverse location: chest description: hook like structure on the lateral edge of the scapula

coracoid process

# Reverse location: chest description: socket where humerus joins the scapula to form a joint

glenoid fossa

# Reverse location: back description: C1-C7, the vertebrae of the neck

cervical vertebrae

# Reverse location: back description: T1-T12, the chest (joined to each rib)

thoracic vertebrae

# Reverse location: back description: L1-L5, the lower back

lumbar vertebrae

# Reverse location: back description: five fused together vertebrae, joined to the pelvis and hips

sacrum

# Reverse location: back description: the tail bone, a group of fused bones

coccyx

# Reverse location: coccyx description: the first vertebrae of the coccyx

atlas

# Reverse location: coccyx description: the second vertebrae of the coccyx

axis

# Reverse location: back description: projection of vertebrae to the mid back

spinous process

# Reverse location: back description: bony projection to the side

transverse process

# Reverse location: hand description: 8 small bones of the wrist joint

carpal bones

# Reverse location: arm description: long, upper arm bone, connected to the scapula at the glenoid fossa

humerus

# Reverse location: hand description: five bones in each hand (one to match a finger)

metacarpal bones

# Reverse location: hand / feet description: fingers or toes at the end of each metacarpal / metatarsal

phalanx

# Reverse location: arm description: long bone along the thumb side of lower arm

radius

# Reverse location: arm description: long bone along the pinky side of lower arm

ulna

# Reverse location: arm description: point of the elbow, a bony projection of the ulna

olecranon

# Reverse location: hips description: cup-shaped socket of the hip joint, inside the ilium and pubic bones

acetabulum

# Reverse location: hips description: superior hip bone, joins the sacrum posteriorly

ilium

# Reverse location: hips description: inferior hip bone - the seat bone

ischium

# Reverse location: hips description: hip bones + sacrum + coccyx

pelvis

# Reverse location: hips description: the bridge like bone anterior to the hip bones

pubis

# Reverse location: hips description: mostly immobile joint between the two pubic bones

pubic symphasis

# Reverse location: legs description: the heel bone

calcaneus

# Reverse location: legs description: the long bone of the upper leg (thigh bone)

femur

# Reverse location: legs description: thin bone of lower legs, little toe side

fibula

# Reverse location: legs description: the big toe

hallux

# Reverse location: legs description: bony projection of distal tibia / fibula, sometimes mistakenly called ankle bones

malleolus

# Reverse location: legs description: five bones of the mid foot, one per toe

metatarsal

# Reverse location: legs description: the kneecap

patella

# Reverse location: legs description: seven bones in the ankle joint

tarsal

# Reverse location: legs description: large bone of lower leg on great toe side, the shin bone

tibia

# Reverse an area where 2 bones come together

joint

# Reverse immobile between two cranial bones

suture joint

# Reverse slightly moveable between two pubic bones or vertebrae

symphysis joint

# Reverse fully moveable joint. bones are covered with articular cartilage. inner surface of the joint capsule is lined by the synovial membrane.

synovial joint

# Reverse fibrous bands that hold 2 bones together in synovial joints

ligament

# Reverse crescent shaped cartilage in some synovial joints

meniscus

# Reverse a spongey bone in the epiphyses of long bones. the spaces are filled with red bone marrow that makes blood cells.

cancellous bone

# Reverse a dense, compact bone along the diaphysis or shaft of a long bone

cortical bone

# Reverse straight shaft of a long bone

diaphysis

# Reverse one of two widened ends of a long bone

epiphysis

# Reverse area of growth in the epiphysis of a long bone

epiphyseal plate

# Reverse a cavity within a shaft of a long bone that contains yellow (fatty) bone marrow

medullary (cavity)

# Reverse process where cartilage turns into bone from childhood to adolescence

ossification

# Reverse a bone cell that deposits new bone. they mature into new osteocytes.

osteoblast

# Reverse a bone cell that breaks down old / damaged bone by resorbing old osteocytes

osteoclast

# Reverse a bone cell that maintains / monitors the mineral content of a bone. they are permanent cells in the bone.

osteocyte

# Reverse thick, fibrous membrane that covers the outer bone

periosteum