Chapter 8: Transcription of Speech Sound Disorders

Question 1

Speech Sound Disorders

Answer 1

Umbrella term for disorders involving speech sound production

Question 2

Articulation Disorder

Answer 2

Problem in producing a limited number of phonemes or errors tied to motoric aspects of speech production

Question 3

Phonological Disorder

Answer 3

Difficulty with sound system of a language and utilizing rules that govern combination and order of phonemes

Question 4

Allophonic Variations

Answer 4

-not speech sound disorder
-using a tap, glottal stop, or unaspirated stop in certain contexts is perfectly normal

Question 5

What is the age at which children typically develop and master speech sounds?

Answer 5

-The answer may vary depending on socioeconomic status, number of children examined, and how speech sample is obtained
-The answer may also vary depending on definition of mastery

Question 6

Mastery

Answer 6

Age at which a phoneme is produced with certain degree of accuracy

Question 7

Customary Production

Answer 7

Age at which a phoneme is produced with greater than 50% accuracy

Question 8

Phonological Process

Answer 8

-simplifications of adult speech
-as children mature, suppression of processes
-occur as the result of a substitution, omission, or assimilation

Question 9

General Findings on Typical Phonological Development

Answer 9

90% mastery of several phonemes occurs by age 3 years. Mastery of all phonemes may not be complete until age 7–9
`

Question 10

General Findings on Typical Phonological Development: Manner of Articulation

Answer 10

Nasals and stops are acquired earlier than glides, fricatives, liquids, and affricates

Question 11

General Findings on Typical Phonological Development: Place of Articulation

Answer 11

Sounds produced in the front of mouth (labial, alveolar) are acquired earlier than velar and palatal sounds

Question 12

Phonological Processes Include

Answer 12

-Syllable structure processes
-Substitution processes
-Assimilatory processes

Question 13

Weak syllable deletion

Answer 13

-Deletion of an unstressed syllable
-telephone: /tɛfon/

Question 14

Final consonant deletion

Answer 14

Reduction of a syllable to a consonant-vowel pattern
-bake: /beɪ/

Question 15

Reduplication

Answer 15

-repetition of a syllable
-daddy: /dædæ/ or /dɑdɑ/

Question 16

Cluster Reduction

Answer 16

-Deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster
-stripe: /tɹaɪp/, /taɪp/, or /ɹaɪp/

Question 17

Substitution Processes

Answer 17

-Stopping
-Fronting
-Deaffrication
-Gliding
-Vocalization

Question 18

Syllable Structure processes

Answer 18

-weak syllable deletion
-final consonant deletion
-reduplication
-cluster reduction

Question 19

Stopping

Answer 19

-Substituting a stop for a fricative/affricate
-sake: /teɪk/

Question 20

Fronting

Answer 20

-Substituting an alveolar for a velar/palatal sound
-Cat: /tæt/

Question 21

Deaffrication

Answer 21

-Substituting a fricative for an affricate
-chip: /ʃɪp/

Question 22

Gliding

Answer 22

-Substituting a glide for a liquid
-red: /wɛd/

Question 23

Vocalization

Answer 23

-substituting a vowel for a postvocalic liquid
-help: /hɛʊp/

Question 24

Assimilatory Processes

Answer 24

-labial assimilation
-alveolar assimilation
-velar assimilation
-voicing assimilation

Question 25

Labial Assimilation

Answer 25

-Using a labial for a non-labial sound -book: /bʊp/ `

Question 26

Alveolar Assimilation

Answer 26

-using an alveolar for a non-alveolar sound -time: /taɪn/

Question 27

Velar Assimilation

Answer 27

-using velar for non-velar sound -cup: /kʌk/

Question 28

Voicing Assimilation

Answer 28

-Prevocalic voicing: pig /bɪɡ/ -Devoicing: bad /bæt/

Question 29

Idiosyncratic Processes

Answer 29

Processes not typically seen in typically developing children

Question 30

Idiosyncratic Processes Examples

Answer 30

-glottal replacement -initial consonant deletion -backing -stops replacing a glide -fricatives replacing a stop

Question 31

Glottal Replacement

Answer 31

butter: /bʌʔʊ/ (with vocalization)

Question 32

Initial Consonant Deletion

Answer 32

game: /eɪm/

Question 33

Backing

Answer 33

-time: /kaɪm/

Question 34

Stops replacing a glide

Answer 34

-yes: /dɛs/

Question 35

Fricatives replacing a stop

Answer 35

-doll: /zɔl/

Question 36

Nasalization

Answer 36

-Velum lowered for oral sounds -Vowel in “mean” [mĩn]

Question 37

Denasality (Hyponasality)

Answer 37

-Nasal phonemes produced without nasalization -/m/ in “my” [m͊aɪ]

Question 38

Voicing

Answer 38

-Indicating a voiceless phoneme is produced with partial voicing -Partially voiced /s/ in “mister” [mɪst̬ɚ]

Question 39

Devoicing

Answer 39

-Often occurs when one of the approximants /w, l, ɹ, j/ follows a voiceless consonant, or across word boundaries: /j/ in “thank you” [θæŋkj̊u] -Devoiced /ɹ/ in “fray” [fɹ̊eɪ] -Devoiced /j/ in “pew” [pj̊u] -phonemes that are voiced become less voiced

Question 40

Dentalization

Answer 40

-Alveolar consonants produced as dental -Second /n/ in ninth [naɪn̪θ] -Frontal lisp: /z/ in “zoo” produced as [z̪u]

Question 41

Velarization

Answer 41

-occurs when the alveolar /l/ is produced in the velar region of the vocal tract -A “dark” /l/ in “feel” /fil̴/