Chapter 7: Connected Speech

Question 1

Citation Form

Answer 1

-when a word is pronounced carefully as a single item
-“him” in isolation: /hɪm/

Question 2

Connected Speech

Answer 2

-results from joining two or more words together in the creation of an utterance
-“him” in “I caught him” /aɪkɔtəm/: /əm/
-Phonemes may be altered or eliminated when words are strung together in an utterance

Question 3

Phonemes in Connected Speech

Answer 3

may not be produced in a strict serial order because of coarticulation

Question 4

Coarticulation

Answer 4

-Overlapping of articulators during speech production
-“Where did you go?”: /wɛɹdʒəɡoʊ/
-time efficient process, which makes speech easier

Question 5

Assimilation

Answer 5

-Coarticulation results in phonemes taking on the character of neighboring sounds
-Modification of a phoneme due to influence of neighboring sounds

Question 6

/ /

Answer 6

used in broad transcription, used to enclose phonemes

Question 7

[ ]

Answer 7

-used in narrow transcription,
-may contain added information that the transcriber feels is necessary, such as information regarding stress

Question 8

Elision

Answer 8

-deletion of a phoneme

Question 9

Epenthesis

Answer 9

-insertion of an additional phoneme

Question 10

Metathesis

Answer 10

-Transposition of phonemes
- elephant: /ɛfələnt/

Question 11

Vowel Reduction

Answer 11

-reduction of a vowel to a schwa

Question 12

Regressive Assimilation

Answer 12

-occurs when a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it
-“was she” /wʌz ʃi/ becomes wʌʒ ʃi/: /z/ becomes postalveolar /ʒ/ in anticipation of the following postalveolar /ʃ/​

Question 12

Regressive

Answer 12

-a later sound affects an earlier sound

Question 12

Progressive Assimilation

Answer 12

-occurs when a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme preceding it​
-“happen” /hæpən/ becomes /hæpm̩/: bilabial feature of /p/ gets carried over to /n/, making it bilabial /m/

Question 13

Progressive

Answer 13

-an earlier sound affects a later sound

Question 14

Haplology

Answer 14

-omission of an entire syllable
“library” /laɪbɹɪ/
“probably” /pɹɑblɪ/

Question 15

Epenthesis: Insertion of Additional Phonemes

Answer 15

“tense” /tɛnts/
“lengths” /lɛŋkθs/

Question 16

Epenthesis: Insertion of transitional phonemes

Answer 16

“Ohio” /ohaɪ(j)oʊ/
“go in” /ɡo(w)ɪn/

Question 17

Why does Epenthesis occur

Answer 17

because of coarticulation, variation in speech production, or speech disorders

Question 18

Why does metathesis occur

Answer 18

: “slip of the tongue,” personal speaking style, dialectal variation, or speech disorders​

Question 19

When does vowel reduction occur

Answer 19

-when articulators do not achieve their target positions
-Vowel reduction is not bad/lazy/sloppy articulation: It is a natural product of speech production
-transformation: /tɹænsfɚˈmeɪʃən/

Question 20

Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech

Answer 20

Stress, timing, and intonation variations in speech that go beyond/transcend boundaries of individual speech sounds

Question 21

Stress

Answer 21

Word and sentence stress

Question 22

Intonation

Answer 22

Voice pitch variations

Question 23

Tempo

Answer 23

Durational aspect of connected speech

Question 24

Word Stress

Answer 24

-Stress is suprasegmental because entire syllables are stressed, not just individual phonemes -Stressed syllables tend to be louder, longer in duration, and higher in pitch -There can be more than one level of stress: Primary (ˈ) versus secondary (ˌ) : ˌmainˈtain

Question 25

Sentence Stress

Answer 25

-Certain words in a sentence receive emphasis depending on (1) level of importance of the word in the sentence and (2) speaker’s intent of the message being conveyed

Question 26

What content tends to recieve more stress?

Answer 26

-Content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) tend to receive stress more often than function words (pronouns, articles, prepositions, conjunctions) -New information tend to receive stress more often than given information

Question 27

Functions of Intonation

Answer 27

-Linguistic: Indicating the type of utterance (statement, questions, exclamation, etc.) -Non-linguistic: Indicating a speaker’s mood

Question 28

Intonation Phrase

Answer 28

-Made up of all changes in fundamental frequency spanning the length of a meaningful utterance -Could be a sentence, a phrase, or a word

Question 29

Tonic Syllable

Answer 29

-Syllable receiving the greatest pitch change in an intonational phrase

Question 30

Falling Intonation

Answer 30

-is typically used in statements, commands, and wh-questions -“It’s time to go.” -“What’s your favorite color?”

Question 31

Rising Intonation

Answer 31

-typically used in yes/no questions, tag questions, and incomplete thoughts, indicating some uncertainty on a speaker’s part -“Are you coming?” -“His name is Richard, isn’t it?”

Question 32

Voice Pitch for Word Distinctions

Answer 32

Voice pitch are used in many languages to distinguish words that share the same consonants and vowels

Question 33

Length of Phonemes varies depending on Phoneme type

Answer 33

-diphthongs> vowels> consonants

Question 34

Length of Phonemes varies depending on stress

Answer 34

Stressed syllables > unstressed syllables

Question 35

Length of Phonemes varies depending on context

Answer 35

-Vowel is longer before a voiced consonant; -Vowels tend to be longer in open (versus closed) syllables

Question 36

Pauses

Answer 36

may indicate -Speaker is taking a breath Hesitations -Presence of a new thought or emphasis

Question 37

Juncture

Answer 37

indicates the way in which syllables and words are linked together in connected speech