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Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is radiation found in nature

A

Natural radiation

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2
Q

What is radiation found in the nuclear industry and products with radioactive elements

A

Human man - artificial radiation

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3
Q

What is cosmic radiation from the sun

A

Natural radiation

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4
Q

What is radioactive substances on earth EX: uranium & Radium

A

Natural radiation

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5
Q

How can you be contaminated by natural radiation

A

Inhaled, ingested & air (radon)

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6
Q

What is a dental exposure considered

A

Artificial radiation

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7
Q

How fast do X-rays travel

A

At the speed of light

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8
Q

What is a bundle of energy moving in waves in space

A

X-rays

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9
Q

What do X-rays require (4 things)

A

Tube (vacuum)
Filament (electrons)
Voltage (acceleration)
Target (anode disk to make it stop suddenly)

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10
Q

What makes electrons

A

mAs

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11
Q

What sends electrons across to the anode disk

A

kVp

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12
Q

What does ionizing mean

A

To alter tissues and organ structures (harmful)

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13
Q

What is Coherent Scattering also called

A

Thompson or Classical

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14
Q

Which interaction with matter is from energy levels of photons below 10 keV (kiloelectron volts)

A

Coherent Scattering

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15
Q

What are the two most common types of interactions with matter in radiography

A

Compton Scattering & Photoelectric Absorption (Effect)

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16
Q

Which interaction with matter causes complete energy absorption

A

Photoelectric Absorption

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17
Q

Which interaction with matter is the greatest hazard to occupational workers

A

Compton Scattering

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18
Q

Which interaction with matter is the greatest hazard to patients

A

Photoelectric Absorption

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19
Q

What is Compton Scattering also known as

A

Modified Scattering

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20
Q

Which interaction with matter is from energy levels of photons very high (above 1 million electrons volts) (MeV)

A

Pair Production

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21
Q

What interaction with matter is from energy levels of photons at a minimum of 10 MeV (high)

A

Photodisintegration

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22
Q

What is the measure of ionization in air as a result of exposure to X-rays or gamma rays

A

Roentgen

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23
Q

What is the SI Unit for Roentgen

A

Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg)

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24
Q

What is the amount of energy absorbed

A

Radiation absorbed dose

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25
What is the unit for Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)
Gray (Gy)
26
What is the unit that takes into account the dose and type of radiation received
Radiation equivalent Man
27
What is the SI unit for Radiation Equivilent Man (REM)
Sievert (Sv)
28
What is the total kinetic energy released in a unit mass of air
Air Kerma
29
What is Air Kerma measured as
Joules per kilogram (J/Kg)
30
What is the rate at which a radionuclide decays
Curie
31
What is curie as known as
The unit of Activity
32
What is the SI unit for Curie
Becquerels (Bq)
33
What takes into account the types of radiation exposure and tissue sensitivities
Effective Dose Limits
34
What is the whole body effective dose limit for an occupational worker
50 mSv (5 REM)
35
What is the whole body dose limits for the general population
5 mSv (.5 rem)
36
how do you determine lifetime effective dose limits
10 mSv x age
37
What is the annual equivalent dose limits for lens of the eyes
150 mSv
38
What is the annual equivalent dose limits for the skin hands and feet
500 mSv
39
What is the equivalent dose limit for embryo/fetal exposures - monthly
.5 mSv
40
What is the annual effective dose limit for education and training exposures (us during clinicals)
1 mSv
41
What 2 parts is the cell divided into
Nucleus and cytoplasm
42
What contains the chromosomes in a cell
Nucleus
43
What can ionizing radiation do to a cell
Destroy or change it. Can be passed to offspring
44
Is DNA susceptible to radiation or not
Yes it is
45
What cells perform all the normal body functions
Somatic cells
46
What cells are parts of the reproductive cells
Germ cells
47
Which cells contain 46 chromosomes
Somatic cells
48
Which cells contain only 23 chromosomes
Germ cells
49
Which cells divide by mitosis
Somatic
50
Which cells reproduce through meiosis
Germ cells
51
What cells are radiosensitive
Basal cells of skin Crypt cells of small intestine Germ cells
52
Which cells are resistant to radiation
Nerve cells Brain cells Muscle cells
53
What can happen to cells that are radio sensitive (response)
Die Delay mitosis Fail to divide at a normal rate Try & repair damage
54
What are the early effects of radiation exposure
Prodromal Latent Manifest
55
What happens during the prodromal stage
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea
56
What happens during the latent period
Well feeling but body is changing to go to final stage
57
What happens during the manifest stage
Full extent of exposure Either recovery or death
58
What are the late effects of radiation exposure
Somatic Effects & Genetic Effects Anything that effects you in the long term
59
What is bone marrow syndrome also known as
Hematopoietic Syndrome
60
When does bone marrow syndrome occur at
2 to 10 Gy (200 to 1000 Rad)
61
What does bone marrow syndrome cause
Infection Hemorrhage Anemia
62
When does gastrointestinal syndrome occur
10 to 50 Gy (1000 to 5000 Rad)
63
What does gastrointestinal syndrome cause
Massive diarrhea Nausea Vomiting Fever
64
When does CNS syndrome occur
Above 50 Gy (5000 Rad)
65
What does CNS syndrome cause
Seizures Coma Death due to intracranial pressures
66
3 cardinal rules of protection
Time Distance Shielding
67
What is the occupational workers best defense
Distance
68
How thick does a lead apron have to be
.25 to 1 mm Fluro - .5 mm min
69
What is the primary fixture in radiation protection
What is struck directly by beam
70
What is secondary fixtures in radiation shielding
Whatever is struck by scatter radiation
71
What must a pregnant radiographer due
Report pregnancy in writing to get a second dosimeter
72
What are the 3 types of dosimeters
Optically stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Thermoluminescent (ours) (TLD) Pocket (looks like a pen or flash drive)
73
Which dosimeter reports daily
Pocket
74
What detects the prescience of radiation and gives the intensity of the source
Geiger Muller Counter
75
What is the Geiger muller counter also called
Pancake counter
76
When is a Geiger muller counter used
During radioactive spills
77
The use of a lead apron should be used over reproductive organs within what distance of the CR
4-5 cm

Patient Care (7 decks)

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