Chapter 9 Flashcards by Aliyah Grainger

Factors that cause an individual
to leave their home country

push factors

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Factors that attract individuals to a
receiving country

Pull factors

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voluntary migration

climate related migration

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involuntary

war and conflict
poverty and economics
violence and safety

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Canada: Historically, immigration policies
demonstrated clear political considerations
about the ‘____________ from
which the Canadian ‘nation’ should be built,
and economic considerations about who
________________.

ideal’ source countries
would best be able to contribute to the
economy

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These considerations were based on _______,
____________and_______

racism,
exploitation
White supremacy

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Canada celebrates our history with the __________, which constitutes only about 30 years of
Canada’s history (between 1833-1861)

Underground Railroad

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However, there has been a _______________ of
Canada’s 200+ years of slavery of Black and Indigenous peoples and a minimization of its violence and brutality

systemic erasure

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French settler colonizers petitioned which king to send Black slaves to help build Canada?

King Louis XIV

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Many fugitive slave ads listed slaves as “_________”, but many Black slaves were brought from the ________________.

African born
Caribbean, southern colonies, and elsewhere in the global slave trade

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t or false: there are also records of Indigenous people as slaves

true

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Black Coalition of Quebec organizes a pilgrimage every year to the

mass unmarked graves of slaves

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helped to build the trans-Canada
railway system in the late 1800

Chinese immigrants

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what did the canadian gov want to limit?

limit permanent immigration
from Chinese immigrants

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Implemented a ban on immigration of ____________ to encourage Chinese immigrants to return to
China

female family members

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Created Head Tax of $50 on all
immigrants of Chinese origin, increased to $500 in
1903

Chinese Head Tax

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Government of Canada
apologized in 2006 and

offered compensation to
survivors

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Increased economic migration from
members of the Commonwealth from the Indian sub- continent

Continuous journey requirement

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To impede this immigration and to get around
Commonwealth requirements, Canada implemented a rule that stated…

only allowed entry for immigrants who came
directly (non-stop) from their country of origin

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Government also tried to create barriers for
immigration by putting pressure on commercial
shipping agents to refuse to sell

direct passage to Indians

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Introduced in 1967 and eliminated official discrimination against applicants from certain countries of origin

Prospective immigrants evaluated based on a system in which points were allocated for different characteristics to assess their potential to economically contribute to Canada

Points system

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Arranged employment, language (French or English), positive long-term adjustment without dependence on__________

the government (e.g., age, education and training,
“personal qualities”)

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The introduction of the points system and removal of race-based restrictions led to an…

increase in newcomers from regions such as:
- Asia,
- Africa,
- The Middle East,
- South and Central American,
- The Caribbean

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TRUE OR fALSE: Contributed to the introduction of official multiculturalism policies; however, racism was no longer a reality in the experiences of many racialized immigrants.

false; racism was still an issue

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Designed to respond to Canada’s economic and labour needs Largest stream of immigrants

economic stream

Most programs within this stream are based on the ___________

points system

Awards most points for certain criteria:

- Education Proficiency in one official language - Employment experience - Age - “Adaptability” criteria - Relatives in Canada, arranged employment

economic streams also includes smaller programs for individuals who can significantly contribute to _________ in Canada

economic activity

What other programs do economic streams include?

Programs for entrepreneurs/business **owners** who can demonstrate ability to create jobs in Canada Programs for self-employed people in the arts or sports who can contribute significantly to Canadian culture

- Originally, program provided a path to permanent residency for live-in caregivers from certain countries who came to Canada under the temporary Live In Caregiver Program. - Required people to work a certain number of years as a caregiver living in the home of their employer before eligible for permanent residency - Program highly gendered and racialized

Economic stream: caregiver program

Changes to caregiver program is due to

widespread documented concerns about abuses and exploitation of workers under this system

changes that were made to caregiver system include:

- Requirements that caregiver live with their employer have been removed. - Provisions allowing for caregivers to be accompanied by family members have been added

Based in the human right to family life; allows Canadians who are over 18 years of age to sponsor certain family members for permanent residency in Canada

family class stream

true or false: Both the Canadian citizen (the sponsor) and the sponsored family member must meet certain eligibility criteria

true

Most common sponsored relationships are ________ and _________ under age 2

- spousal or common- law partners - dependent children

Family class stream must...

document and prove relationship

Sponsor must also sign an official document taking on _____________for the basic needs of the sponsored family member for a designated period of time

full financial responsibility

This financial obligation remains even if the sponsor’s ___________ (e.g. they become unemployed) or if the ___________ (e.g. a spousal relationship terminates)

- economic situation changes - the relationship changes

- smallest stream in terms of arrivals

refugee stream

1) has a fear pf persecution because of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group.

A refugee

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another

asylum seekers

non-reciprocal, temporary work - drawing from employees from developing countries (most often)

Temporary Foreign Worker Program

t or f: for the temporary foreign worker program employees do not have to do a Labour Impact Assessment to show no Canadians can fill the role suitably

false: they do have to

true or false: for the temporary foreign worker program, Workers cannot move between employers

true

what are the issues of the temporary foreign worker program?

- ‘low-skilled’ workers - Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program - low-wage positions program - high-wage positions program - Working caregivers (are able to qualify for permanent residency).

Criticisms of Temporary Foreign Worker Program

- employer-specific permits - employer-provided housing - cannot unionize - Difficult getting overtime payments - Difficulty with EI (though they contribute!) - No permanent status even though many return year after year

the presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

MULTICULTURALISM

Settlement theories/acculturation theories - position of immigrants in society is a consequence of numerous factors:

- immigrants’ attitudes, values, behaviours in host country - host country’s culture - host country attitudes toward immigrants

Policy level - 1971

Pierre Trudeau

settlement challenges include

poverty (difficulty finding jobs) language housing racism, exclusion, discrimination Navigating complex systems Separation from family, social isolation

employment barriers

- Recent immigrants - looking for jobs OR underemployed - Low income - 1980 - 1.4x rate of Canadians 2009 - 23.8% Ontario immigrants <5 years vs. overall 13.1% Those in province for 10+ years - low income rate 19.1%

employment barriers: finding work

Many are more highly skilled - but still experience disproportionately high rates of poverty, unemployment, underemployment etc.

Federal government awards points under points system when you apply to immigrate but provincial colleges adjudicate accreditation

International credential recognition

Employment Barriers: Racism and Discrimination

Names - European-sounding names & resumés Culture - “selling oneself” at job interviews Gender - family responsibilities, childcare, intersectionality with other identities Language - both before and after securing a job Discriminatory remarks - micro- and macro- agressions Earning differentials - bigger when immigrant is racialized

the tendency for the higher echelons of any organization to be populated by people with certain traits - white, cisgender, male, able-bodied (often these traits cluster where someone may be all

glass ceiling effect

Struggles with Official Languages and Education Barriers

Language proficiency -affects trajectory of settlement - experience - employment - accessing services (healthcare, language classes - childcare availability, lack of time, lack of permanent status.) - awareness of rights - Migration as on older child affects school outcomes Children of immigrants have higher educational outcomes than third-generation counterparts

racism and housing access - being told “no room at the inn” cost of housing, especially in urban centres quality of housing

Housing Access

Positive relationships are buffers against settlement-related stresses Separation from one’s children or worry about family members in dangerous situations relationships are buffers against

family seperation

Immigrants generally healthier on arrival compared to Canadian-born counterparts However, health outcomes eventually converge - immigrants’ health deteriorates Pre-migration trauma Migration process Refugees sponsored by private groups - pressure to adjust, adapt, conform to their sponsor’s expectations

health

unfamiliarity with mainstream Canadian foods

ethnicity

interaction with gender-based violence (GBV), poverty, language ability, extra caregiving responsibilities

gender

applying for and being granted Canadian citizenship have to be a permanent resident who has lived 3 of the last 5 years in Canada have filed taxes be proficient in one of official languages demonstrate knowledge of Canada

Naturalization

Canada generally deports temporary and undocumented migrants, but sometimes PR or those divested of citizenship

Deportation

refused entry by Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) denied refugee claimants overstayed temporary visas other undocumented

Temporary and undocumented migrants

“cessation” - refugees who went to visit home country briefly may lose status in Canada commit crime with maximum jail sentence of >10 years jail sentence > 6 months

permanent residents

if found to have misrepresented yourself on your application Citizens (naturalized OR Canadian-born) with dual citizenship who are: convicted of treason convicted of terrorism spying abroad involved in organized ‘armed conflict’ within Canada

permanent residents and citizens

Chapter 9 Flashcards

(66 cards)