Chapter 9

Question 1

Compromising the body through microorganisms

Answer 1

infections

Question 2

The pathway that leads to the infection of a new host

Answer 2

chain of infection

Question 3

six steps of the chain of infection

Answer 3

1. pathogen
2. reservoir
3. portal of exit
4. means of transmission
5. portal of entry
6. new host

Question 4

harmful substances that cause illness

Answer 4

toxins

Question 5

the natural environment of a pathogen

Answer 5

reservoir

Question 6

Three general ways we are infected by a pathogen

Answer 6

direct contract, inhalation, or ingestion

Question 7

An infection throughout the body

Answer 7

systemic infection

Question 8

the bodily system responsible for protecting the body from pathogens

Answer 8

immune system

Question 9

What is the physical defence of the body?

Answer 9

the skin and cilia

Question 10

hair like protrusions on cells that are used to sweep away particles

Answer 10

cilia

Question 11

What are the chemical barriers of the body?

Answer 11

mucous membrane

Question 12

A type of white blood cell that searches for invaders in the blood stream

Answer 12

neutrophils

Question 13

group of scavenger cells that eat pathogens and dead cells

Answer 13

macrophages

Question 14

cells that kills infected or dead cells

Answer 14

natural killer cells

Question 15

cells inside tissues that eat pathogens and activate lymphocytes

Answer 15

dendritic cells

Question 16

cells of the lympathic system

Answer 16

lymphocytes

Question 17

Where do macrophages and dendritic cells congregate to filter bacteria?

Answer 17

lymph nodes

Question 18

where are immune cells made?

Answer 18

bone marrow

Question 19

What are the three types of T cells?

Answer 19

helper T cells, killer T cells, and suppress T cells.

Question 20

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies

Answer 20

B cells

Question 21

Protiens that can recognize and neutralize specific microbes and are produced by B cells

Answer 21

antibodies

Question 22

Cells that remember invaders and can reproduce the same immune response in the future

Answer 22

memory t and B cells

Question 23

diseases that cause the body to attack itself

Answer 23

autoimmune diseases

Question 24

Markers that identify cells as not part of the body

Answer 24

antigens

Question 25

How do antibodies work?

Answer 25

the attach themselves to specific antigens to identify the pathogen and trigger the appropriate immune response

Question 26

A substance that produces the inflammatory response

Answer 26

histamine

Question 27

What is the inflammatory response?

Answer 27

a response that causes the body to remove invaders and debris after an injury or infection

Question 28

An immune response when a pathogen is recognized as foreign, but have no memory t or B cells to kick start the reaction.

Answer 28

natural (innate) immune response

Question 29

An immune response when a pathogen is recognized as foreign by the memory t and B cells

Answer 29

aquired (adaptive) immune response

Question 30

What are the 4 steps of an immune response?

Answer 30

1. dendritic cells consume foreign cells and send information to helper T cells about antigens 2. Helper T cells trigger production of killer T cells and B cells 3. Killer T cells and natural killer cells destroy infected cells. B cells produce antibodies 4. Suppressor T cells stop immune response and memory T and B cells remain in body

Question 31

When an infected person won't get the same illness again

Answer 31

immunity

Question 32

the ability for lymphocytes to remember previous infections

Answer 32

acquired immunity

Question 33

when viruses are multiplying inside the body without the person's knowledge, but can still spread the virus

Answer 33

incubation

Question 34

What causes the symptoms of a illness?

Answer 34

immune response

Question 35

A way to give a person antibodies without them getting an infection or illness

Answer 35

vaccine

Question 36

priming the immune system for an infection

Answer 36

immunization

Question 37

A small dosage of weakened virus is used to cause the body to make antibodies for a more dangerous virus.

Answer 37

viral vector vaccine

Question 38

Giving a strand of messenger RNA to a patient to allow the body to recognize it as foreign.

Answer 38

mRNA vaccines

Question 39

when a vaccine causes the body to produce their own antibodies

Answer 39

active immunity

Question 40

when a person is injected with antibodies

Answer 40

passive immunity

Question 41

When the immune system detects a non-harmful particle as harmful and triggers an immune response

Answer 41

allergy

Question 42

Substances that provoke an allergic response

Answer 42

allergens

Question 43

Microscopic single celled organisms that reproduce by splitting in two inside of cells

Answer 43

Bacteria

Question 44

True or false: bacteria can be helpful

Answer 44

true

Question 45

Inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi that clogs the lungs with fluid

Answer 45

pneumonia

Question 46

bacteria with incomplete cell walls

Answer 46

mycoplasmas

Question 47

infection of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord

Answer 47

meningitis

Question 48

a long chain of bacteria that causes a sore throat and swelling of the tonsils and lymph nodes

Answer 48

streptococcus

Question 49

A bacteria that grows in the clusters in the skin and nose of health people

Answer 49

staphylococcus

Question 50

What bacteria produces toxins that cause Toxic Shock Syndrome

Answer 50

staphylococcus

Question 51

A chronic infection of the lungs that spreads via respiratory route.

Answer 51

Tuberculosis

Question 52

A type of disease that is transmitted through tick bites passing bacteria

Answer 52

Lyme disease

Question 53

Substances that kill bacteria by damaging a part of their reproduction system or creating faults in their genes

Answer 53

antibiotic

Question 54

The term for when a strain of bacteria is no longer effected by a type of treatment

Answer 54

Antibiotic resistance

Question 55

when an infectious host exhales droplets containing virus into the air and lands on a commonly touched object

Answer 55

fomite transmission

Question 56

A pathogen that cannot produce it's own energy and is made of a strain of dna

Answer 56

virus

Question 57

an infection of the respiratory tract that evolves quickly

Answer 57

influenza

Question 58

viral illnesses that typically infect children with a rash and fever that can typically become more severe

Answer 58

measles, mumps, and rubella

Question 59

a type of viruses that can't be removed from the host for life

Answer 59

herpesviruses

Question 60

Inflammation of the brain tissue caused by a viral infection

Answer 60

encephalitis

Question 61

Acute hepatitis infection that causes yellowing of the skin and a malfunctioning liver

Answer 61

jaundice

Question 62

An organism that absorbs food from organic matter

Answer 62

fungus

Question 63

Single celled organisms that are only parasitic in nature

Answer 63

protozoa

Question 64

Large organisms that enter the body and cause infection

Answer 64

parasitic worms

Question 65

Protein only pathogen that causes degenerative disorders in the central nervous system

Answer 65

prions

Question 66

What is the most common place prions effect?

Answer 66

the brain

Question 67

Most common reason for emerging infections?

Answer 67

drug resistance, poverty, poor public health, travel, mass food production, human behaviour, bioterrorism, climate change