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BIO112 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

What is the full form of DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

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4
Q

How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA?

A

Four

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5
Q

What are the four nucleotides present in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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6
Q

Which nucleotide pairs with Adenine in DNA?

A

Thymine

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7
Q

Which nucleotide pairs with Cytosine in DNA?

A

Guanine

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8
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Contains genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms

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9
Q

What is the primary function of amino acids?

A

Building blocks of proteins

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10
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine as a base

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11
Q

What is the backbone of DNA made of?

A

Sugar-phosphate

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12
Q

What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

What is the shape of the DNA molecule?

A

Double helix

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14
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

Enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules

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15
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules

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16
Q

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Transfers amino acids to the ribosome

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17
Q

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

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18
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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19
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins

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20
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid

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21
Q

What is an anticodon?

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A

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA

22
Q

What is the start codon in protein synthesis?

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A

AUG (codes for Methionine)

23
Q

What is the stop codon in protein synthesis?

Study These Flashcards
A

UAA, UAG, UGA

24
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase?

Study These Flashcards
A

Enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication

25
What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
Unwinds the double helix
26
What is the function of topoisomerase in DNA replication?
Relieves strain in the DNA molecule ahead of the replication fork
27
What is the role of primase in DNA replication?
Synthesizes RNA primers for DNA polymerase
28
What is the function of DNA gyrase in DNA replication?
Relieves supercoiling ahead of the replication fork
29
What is the difference between leading and lagging strands in DNA replication?
Leading strand is synthesized continuously, lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously
30
What is the function of Okazaki fragments in DNA replication?
Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication
31
What is the end product of DNA replication?
Two identical DNA molecules
32
What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
Joins the Okazaki fragments to form a continuous DNA strand
33
What is the role of the origin of replication in DNA replication?
Site where DNA replication begins
34
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the growing chain
35
What is the function of the promoter region in DNA replication?
Initiates transcription by RNA polymerase
36
What is the function of the terminator region in DNA replication?
Signals the end of transcription
37
What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
Site of translation where mRNA is read and proteins are synthesized
38
What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?
Forms part of the ribosome and helps catalyze peptide bond formation
39
What is the function of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in protein synthesis?
Facilitates binding of mRNA to the ribosome
40
What is the function of the Kozak sequence in protein synthesis?
Facilitates translation initiation in eukaryotes
41
What is the role of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase in protein synthesis?
Attaches the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA molecule
42
What is the role of the P site in the ribosome during protein synthesis?
Site where the growing polypeptide chain is held
43
What is the function of the A site in the ribosome during protein synthesis?
Site where the next aminoacyl-tRNA binds
44
What is the role of the E site in the ribosome during protein synthesis?
Site where the tRNA exits the ribosome
45
What is the function of release factors in protein synthesis?
Proteins that trigger termination of translation by recognizing stop codons
46
What is the function of chaperone proteins in protein synthesis?
Assist in the folding of newly synthesized proteins
47
What is the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP) in protein synthesis?
Guides ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum for protein secretion
48
What is the function of telomeres in DNA replication?
Protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration
49
What is the role of telomerase in DNA replication?
Enzyme that adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of chromosomes
50
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?
Prokaryotic replication is bidirectional from a single origin, eukaryotic replication is bidirectional from multiple origins

BIO112 (6 decks)

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