Chapter 9

Question 1

articulations

Answer 1

where two bones meet

Question 2

joint classification

Answer 2

joints can be classified according to both structure and function

Question 3

synarthroses

Answer 3

immovable joints

Question 4

amphiarthroses

Answer 4

slightly movable joints

Question 5

diarthroses

Answer 5

freely movable joints

Question 6

structural classification

Answer 6

based on the binding material between the bones, and whether or not a joint cavity is present (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial)

Question 7

fibrous joints

Answer 7

bones are connected by fibrous tissue
no joint cavity
most are synarthrotic

Question 8

suture (type of fibrous joint)

Answer 8

between bones of the skull

Question 9

syndesmoses (type of fibrous joint)

Answer 9

bones are connected by ligaments (longer than those in sutures)
some are synarthrotic, while others are amphiarthrotic

Question 10

gomphoses (type of fibrous joint)

Answer 10

between teeth and their sockets

Question 11

cartilaginous joints

Answer 11

bones are united by cartilage
no joint cavity
most are amphiarthrotic (a few are synarthrotic)

Question 12

synchondroses (type of cartilage joints)

Answer 12

bones are united by hyaline cartilage
examples: the epiphyseal plates of long bones, and the joint between the first rib’s costal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternum
typically are synarthrotic

Question 13

symphyses(type of cartilage joints)

Answer 13

bones are united by fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic
examples: intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis

Question 14

synovial joints

Answer 14

the most movable joints (all are diarthrotic)
have a joint cavity
includes most of the joints in the body (all of the joints in the limbs)

Question 15

articular cartilage (structure of synovial joint)

Answer 15

hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones

Question 16

joint (synovial) cavity (structure of synovial joint)

Answer 16

space around the joints

Question 17

articular capsule (structure of synovial joint)

Answer 17

two-layered capsule that surrounds the joint cavity (outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane)

Question 18

synovial fluid (structure of synovial joint)

Answer 18

reduces friction in the joints

Question 19

reinforcing ligaments (structure of synovial joint)

Answer 19

serve to support and strengthen some synovial joints

Question 20

nerves and vessels (structure of synovial joint)

Answer 20

richly applied with nerved and blood

Question 21

menisci

Answer 21

fibrocartilage discs located in the temporomandibular joints, sternoclavicular joints, and constant, the knees

Question 22

factors influencing the stability of synovial joints

Answer 22

1. shape of the articulating surfaces (shallow joint sockets vs deep sockets (or grooves)
2. ligaments (number and position of ligaments
3. muscle tone (a constant low level, of contractile force generated by a muscle even when it is not causing movement (especially important in knees and shoulders)

Question 23

bursae and tendon sheaths

Answer 23

• closed sacs of synovial fluid that are associated with synovial joints and some tendons
• serve to reduce friction in areas where there is high abrasion and/or high degrees of mobility

Question 24

three basic types of movements

Answer 24

gliding, angular, and rotation

Question 25

gliding

Answer 25

slipping of bone surfaces across each other

Question 26

angular

Answer 26

changes the angle between two bones | -includes: flexion and extension, abduction, and adduction, and circumduction

Question 27

look at pictures

Answer 27

understand movements

Question 28

special movements of synovial joints

Answer 28

``` supination and pronation dorsiflexion and plantar flexion inversion and eversion protraction and retraction elevation and depression opposition ```

Question 29

supination and pronation

Answer 29

movements of the radius and ulna

Question 30

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Answer 30

movements of the foot at the ankle

Question 31

inversion and eversion

Answer 31

movements of the foot

Question 32

protraction and retraction

Answer 32

nonangular movements in anterior and posterior directions

Question 33

elevation and depression

Answer 33

movements of the mandible when chewing

Question 34

opposition

Answer 34

only occurs in the thumb

Question 35

synovial joints classified by shape

Answer 35

plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints

Question 36

plane joints

Answer 36

allow gliding motions | Examples: intercarpal (wrist) intertarsal (ankle) and intervertebral (not discs)

Question 37

hinge joints

Answer 37

allow movement in one place (uniaxial) flexion and extension Examples: elbows, knees, and interphalangeal joints

Question 38

pivot joints

Answer 38

``` allow rotation (uniaxial) Examples: proximal radioulnar joints ```

Question 39

condyloid joints

Answer 39

allow movement in two planes (biaxial) (frontal )abduction and adduction, and flexion and extension (sagittal) Examples: metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle) and wrist joints NO TRANSVERSE PLANE

Question 40

saddle joints

Answer 40

biaxial joints | the first carpometacarpal joints (base of thumb)

Question 41

ball-and-socket

Answer 41

allows movement in all three planes (multiaxial) circumduction (flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction) and rotation examples: shoulders and hips

Question 42

joint injuries

Answer 42

sprains, dislocations (luxations) and torn cartilage

Question 43

sprains

Answer 43

the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn | take a long time to heal because of their poor blood supply

Question 44

dislocations (luxations)

Answer 44

occurs when the bones of a joint are forced out of alignment the bones must be reduced or returned to their normal position

Question 45

torn cartilage

Answer 45

especially common in the menisci of the knees

Question 46

joint arthritis

Answer 46

describes over 100 kinds of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints very commons, especially old people

Question 47

types of arthritis

Answer 47

osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

Question 48

osteoarthritis

Answer 48

chronic degenerative disorder caused by normal wear-and-tear on a joint the most common type affects articular cartilage (hyaline) causing it to soften, fray, crack, and erode

Question 49

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 49

chronic inflammatory disorder autoimmune disease that effects women three times more than men can lead to joint fusion

Question 50

gouty arthritis

Answer 50

characterized by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the blood (due to purine metabolism attacks are periodic and normally manifest themselves in joints of the lower limbs (often at the base of the hallux) more common in males may indicate a dietary problem or kidney dysfunction