Chapter 9 Flashcards
Cooperation
A outcome from which two or more interacting individuals each receive a net benefit from their joint action despite potential costs they may have to pay for undertaking such action to group members
Foraging Predation Antipredator behavior Mating Playing
Two usages of “to cooperate”
Idea of achieving cooperation in a group setting behavior of a member that brings about achievement
Benefits of cooperation
Access to food and water
Protection- reduce aggression from other individuals stronger than you
Tension reduction
Coalition formation
Acceptance (Team player)
Mating
Allogrooming
One individual grooms another
Four paths to cooperation
Can lead to evolution and maintenance of cooperation in animals
Reciprocity (exchange)
Byproduct mutualism
Kin selection
Group selection
Evolution state strategy (ESS)
A strategy that if used by almost everyone in a population will not decrease in frequency when new strategy arises
Axelrod and Hamilton
Tit for tat
Nice never cheats or defect first
Retaliatory- it always responds to a partner that cheating by cheating
Forgiving- it only remembers one move back in time and so is capable of forgiving
3 lessons of the nice gesture
The probability of future interaction is high
The cost of been nice is less than not to be
They remember each other and those that have been nice to them in the past
Mutualism
By product of cooperation in which an individual pays an immediate cost of penalty for not acting cooperatively
Byproduct vs reciprocity
In byproduct mutualism there is no temptation to cheat nor do individuals have to keep track of their partner’s behavior
P matrix reciprocity
Temptation to defect because each received high reward when defected. Reciprocity fails to emerge as a stable solution
M matrix
No temptation to defect because each received equal reward and cooperating always fared better than defecting
Trait group selection
A group in which all individuals affect one another’s fitness
Natural selection levels needed:
- Within group selection
- Between group selections
Within group selection
Acts against cooperators and altruists, in cooperation and altruists setting since the individuals take on some cost that others do not
Between group selection
Favors cooperation of groups with more cooperators such as producing more offspring and taking control of more land
