Chapter 9-Alcohol

Question 1

Where is alcohol consumption most and least prevalent?

Answer 1

It the highest in uganda and some places in Europe.
It’s the lowest in the middle east and the.
The U.S is in the middle.

Question 2

Where are deaths attributed to alcohol the highest?

Answer 2

Russia

Question 3

What are the estimated costs to the US for alcohol related morbidity and mortality?

Answer 3

~$300 billion

Question 4

a study of beer residue in Egypt tombs dating to 2000 BC provided evidence of what?

Answer 4

that the brewing process was more sophisticated than originally thought

Question 5

how did the Egyptians brew their alcohol?

Answer 5

they blended water and malt to produce a refined liquid.

Question 6

When did the earliest reference to distilled spirits come about?

Answer 6

In China about 1000 BC

Question 7

When was the earliest record of distilled spirits production and consumption in western Europe?

Answer 7

800 AD

Question 8

Who was the first to attribute social problems to distilled spirits?

Answer 8

Europeans

Question 9

Who did the Colonial US adopt drinking customs from?

Answer 9

Europe

Question 10

Why did pilgrims land on plymouth rock?

Answer 10

Mostly bc they were out of alcohol

Question 11

Why were drinking attitudes in the colonial US positive?

Answer 11

because alcohol was seen as satisfying a number of physical, psychological and social needs.

Question 12

How many drink as day did adult americans consume in 1790?

Answer 12

~3 drink/day

Question 13

How many drinks a day did adult americans drink in 1830?

Answer 13

~5 drinks/day

Question 14

Dr. Benjamin Rush

Answer 14

wrote treatise in 1785 on effects of distilled spirits in on human body and mind which was the basis for alcoholism as disease

Question 15

when did the temperance movement gain strength?

Answer 15

in the 19th century

Question 16

Temperance movement

Answer 16

Blamed saloons for social ills such as thievery, gambling, prostitution, and political corruption.

Question 17

which industrialist supported the temperance movement and why?

Answer 17

Rockefeller, Carnegie, and ford, because they thought that abstinent employees would be more productive

Question 18

When was prohibition ratified?

Answer 18

1917

Question 19

when was prohibition enacted?

Answer 19

1920

Question 20

Prohibition initially resulted in

Answer 20

a reduction of alcohol use

Question 21

One of the upsides of prohibition was a decrease of

Answer 21

alcohol related illnesses and death such as liver disease

Question 22

Prohibition was repealed in 1933 by

Answer 22

The 21st amendment

Question 23

Alcohol consumption …..wen prohibition ended

Answer 23

Increased

Question 24

True or false, alcohol has been known, manufactured, and used longer than nicotine and caffeine

Answer 24

true

Question 25

alcoholic drinks are produces through

Answer 25

fermentation and distillation

Question 26

fermentation

Answer 26

involves dissolving sugar in water adding yeast that multiply and eat the sugar. The yeast metabolizes the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The CO2 bubbles to the top, leaving ethanol.

Question 27

What is the highest percent of alcohol that you get out of fermentation?

Answer 27

~15%

Question 28

Grapes are fermented into

Answer 28

wine

Question 29

grains are fermented into

Answer 29

beer

Question 30

Distillation increases

Answer 30

ethanol content of fermented beverage

Question 31

Proof

Answer 31

qual to twice the percentage of alcohol by volume | ex: 45% OH = 90 proof

Question 32

Following absorption, alcohol is distributed

Answer 32

to all body parts

Question 33

True or false: Alcohol levels in blood approximate that in brain and breath.

Answer 33

true

Question 34

LD-50 for alcohol is

Answer 34

0.45%-0.50% BAC

Question 35

How to estimate BAC

Answer 35

BAC=(no, of standard drinksX 0.025) - (no. hrs since drinking began X 0.015)

Question 36

what are some factors that affect BAC?

Answer 36

percent body fat, gender, food, rate of alcoholism metabolism

Question 37

What is another practical and precise way to measure BAC?

Answer 37

Breath analysis

Question 38

the probability of causing an accident ___ exponentially with ___ BAC

Answer 38

increases, increasing

Question 39

Which organ metabolized over 90% of OH absorbed?

Answer 39

the Liver

Question 40

at what rate does the liver metabolize OH?

Answer 40

at 0.35 ounces/hr (~0.025%/hr)

Question 41

Which organs excrete the unmetabolized OH?

Answer 41

Kidneys and Lungs

Question 42

Which rate order is alcohol

Answer 42

zero-order. constant amount is metabolized

Question 43

ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde by

Answer 43

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 44

alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to

Answer 44

acetaldehyde

Question 45

Acetaldehyde is converted to acetic acid by

Answer 45

aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 46

Aldehyde dehydrogenase converts acetaldehyde to

Answer 46

acetic acid

Question 47

Acetic acid is converted to CO2 and H2O by

Answer 47

kreb's cycle

Question 48

The Kreb's cycle converts Acetic acid to

Answer 48

CO2 and H2O

Question 49

As BAC increases acute effects

Answer 49

increase in number and intensity

Question 50

what is the major cause of fatal and nonfatal automobile accidents?

Answer 50

Alcohol

Question 51

What can a high BAC cause?

Answer 51

blackouts

Question 52

Alcohol impairs

Answer 52

short term memory

Question 53

French paradox

Answer 53

europeans are healthier despite their drinking habits. what they dont tell you is that even at low doses, alcohol affects your brain

Question 54

Alcohol is a CNS

Answer 54

depressant (slows down neurons and transmission)

Question 55

Alcohol acts at

Answer 55

GABA benzodiazepine receptors

Question 56

OH enhances

Answer 56

serotonergic and dopaminergic activity

Question 57

true or false:alcohol is classifies as food

Answer 57

true bc it provides calories but they are empty calories

Question 58

OH is absorbed primarily through the

Answer 58

small intestine

Question 59

Absorption is affected by

Answer 59

food

Question 60

how does milk affect absorption?

Answer 60

it slows it down

Question 61

how do carbonated drinks affect absorption?

Answer 61

it speed it up.

Question 62

What happens if you take asprin before drinking?

Answer 62

increases BAC bc it suppresses OH dehydrogenase

Question 63

withdrawal signs within hours:

Answer 63

anxiety, irritability, sweating, shakes, tremors, headaches

Question 64

withdrawal sign within a day

Answer 64

severe anxiety, dysphoria, hallucinations

Question 65

withdrawal signs from 3-5 days

Answer 65

exhaustion and dehydration

Question 66

how does alcohol consumption affect GABA

Answer 66

acute consumption: enhances GABA | Chronic consumption: eventually suppresses GABA

Question 67

which students drink the most?

Answer 67

first year white fraternity and sorority members and athletes

Question 68

What is an effect associated with chronic heavy drinking?

Answer 68

damage to most organ systems. most affected are the liver and brain. Sexual dysfunction in men and women

Question 69

Liver problems include:

Answer 69

fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis and cirrhosis

Question 70

Which diseases are reversible with abstinence?

Answer 70

Fatty Liver and Alcohol Hepatitis. | Cirrhosis is not.

Question 71

A plus from moderate consumption

Answer 71

lowered risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality

Question 72

What is a treatments for alcoholism?

Answer 72

Disulfiram (antabuse), Naltrexone(revia or vivitrol), Acamprosate (campral)

Question 73

How does Disulfiram work?

Answer 73

its blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase which causes an excess build up of acetaldehyde which then makes you feel sick.

Question 74

What are the effects of OH on GABA?

Answer 74

low doses: inhibit GABA thus increase DA | chronic consumption: increase GABA which causes withdrawal bc that then decreases DA

Question 75

what is a standard drink?

Answer 75

0.5 ounces

Question 76

which gender dies more from alcohol?

Answer 76

men