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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

the scientific study of drugs concerned with all info about the effects of chemical substances on living systems.

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2
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

focuses on the effects of drugs on behavior

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3
Q

Drug

A

any chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for the maintenance of normal health (like food), the administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure.

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4
Q

Drug abuse

A

any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal, or social harm to the individual or to others affected by the drug user’s behavior.

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5
Q

Different methods of drug classification

A 
Source
therapeutic use 
Site of action 
chemical structure
mechanism of action 
street name
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6
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior

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7
Q

Factors in the drug experience

A

Pharmacological

Non-Pharmacological

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8
Q

Pharmacological experience

A

route of dosage

route of administration

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9
Q

non-pharmacological experience

A

genetics
psychological set
environmental/context

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10
Q

Individuals from the age 12 who have reported marijuana use in the last year

A

~10%

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11
Q

Individuals from the age 12 who have reported Alcohol use in the last year

A

~66%

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12
Q

Individuals from the age 12 who have reported Cigarettes use in the last year

A

~29%

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13
Q

Which age group is the highest for reported drug use in the past year?

A

18-25

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14
Q

18-25 year olds who have reported alcohol use in the last year

A

~77.9

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15
Q

18-25 year olds who have reported cigarette use in the last year

A

~45%

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16
Q

Percentage of hispanics 12 and older who reported illicit drug or alcohol use in past month

A

~6.6(drug)

~42.1(OH)

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17
Q

Percentage of whites 12 and older who reported illicit drug or alcohol use in past month

A

~8.2 (drug)

~56.1 (OH)

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18
Q

Percentage of blacks 12 and older who reported illicit drug or alcohol use in past month

A

~9.5% (drugs)

~39.3 (OH)

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19
Q

Percentage of males12 and older who reported illicit drug or alcohol use in past month

A

~10.4 (drugs)

~56.6 (OH)

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20
Q

Percentage of females 12 and older who reported illicit drug or alcohol use in past month

A

~5.8 (drug)

~46.0 (OH)

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21
Q

Direct cost of OH use in US

A

$200 billion

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22
Q

Direct cost of illicit drug use in US

A

$150 billion

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23
Q

Indirect costs of drug use

A

$150 Billion

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24
Q

Tolerance

A

need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance.
you experience dysphoria, anxiety, and/or depression.

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25
Withdrawal
the same substance is taken to relieve withdrawal effects
26
Substance dependence
have atleast 3 of the following in one year: tolerance withdrawal taken larger amounts or over longer period than was intended desired but unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control large amounts of time spent to get the drug activities given up or reduced due to use consistent use despite being aware of the problem
27
Substance abuse
at least one of the following: use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligatios (work, family etc) continuous use in hazardous situations (ex:driving) substance related legal problems continued use despite social or interpersonal probs
28
Addiction
overwhelming involvement with using a drug, getting an adequate supply of it, and having a strong tendency to resume use of it after stopping for a period.
29
Are dependence and abuse considered to be the same?
No, they are considered separate diagnoses
30
Psychological Dependence
Emotional state of craving a drug for either its positive effects or to avoid the negative effects associated with abuse
31
The DSM
Written by the American Psychiatric Association. Used for classification of medical disorders. used by medical professionals, insurance companies, policy makers and pharmaceutical companies.
32
Pharmacology
the scientific study of drugs. All info about the effect of drugs on living systems. Has two branches: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
33
Pharmacokinetics
Branch of pharmacology concerned with absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination of drugs.
34
Pharmacodynamics
Branch of Pharmacology concerned with biochemical effects, physiological effects and mechanism of drug action.
35
Pharmacokinetics ADBE
Administration/Absorption Distribution Biotransformation/metabolism Elimination/Excretion
36
Routes of Administration
``` Oral Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous Inhalation Intranasal Sublingual rectal ```
37
Oral Administration
among safest | food in stomach slows down absorption
38
subcutaneous Administration
easiest of injections routes faster than oral slower than intravenous or intramuscular shouldnt be used when drug irritates skin or when you need large volumes has constant absorption rate with sustained drug effect
39
Intramuscular
fast absorption high risk of infection deeper penetration
40
Intranvenous
one of the fastest absorption rates effects can be immediate easy to overdose heroin
41
inhalation
only a small amount of drug at a time can be fastest for some drugs cocain
42
Intranasal
fat soluble drugs absorbed rapidly this way | can cause damage
43
sublingual
faster more effective than oral | better for drugs that irritate stomach
44
Eternal routes of admin
anything that goes through GI. Subject to first pass oral sublingual rectal
45
First-Pass
goes through liver first
46
Parental
``` not subject to first pas transdermal inhalation intranasal injection ```
47
Which acids and bases are better absorbed?
Weak acids and bases
48
Where are drugs usually absorbed?
Small intestine
49
Bioavailability
the portion of the drug that reaches its site of action.
50
Albumin
A very common plasma protein that bind to drugs
51
Effective Dose (ED)
the dose at which a specific group of people experience the effects usually ED50
52
Lethal Dose
Dose at which a certain percentage of patients die within a specified time. ED 50
53
Therapeutic Index
the measure of a drugs safety in medical care | LD50/ED50
54
Zero Order Kinetics
rate of metabolism is constant, it's independent of concentration ex alcohol.
55
first order kinetics
rate of metabolism depends on concentration.
56
Drug potency
the minimum dose needed to produce its effect
57
Drug efficacy
the peak of a drug effect
58
Slope
how much a drug dose must change to create an effect.
59
Excretion
can me excreted directly or be metabolized. | directly excreted in stool, urine, respiration, perspiration.
60
Half-life
time for half the drug to be eliminated. | dosing interval.
61
Agonist in efficacy curve
Agonist make it go to the left of the curve. So you need a lower dose to get the effect.
62
Antagonist on efficacy curve
Make it go to the right so you need a higher dosage to get the effect
63
What plays the biggest factor on drug effect?
Dosage
64
Different types of receptors
on presynaptic terminal on postsynaptic terminal Ionotropic Metabotropic
65
Ionotropic receptors
ions go through it typically fast. faster than metabotropic
66
Metabotropic
Metabolizes chemicals invovle activation of second messenger systems Typically slow Ca2+ usually main ion
67
Types of neurotransmitters
``` Acetylcholine monoamines (seratonin and catecholamines) endorphines amino acids (GABA and GLUT) lipids gases (NO) ```
68
Catecholamines
are monoamines | include: DA, NE, E
69
DA hypothesis of parkinsons
you dont have as much DA as you should. they use L-Dopa with carbadopa to treat.
70
DA id converted from ____
Tyrosine
71
Acetycholine is synthesized by:
choline acetyltransferase
72
Acetylcholine is degraded by:
acetylcholinesterase
73
Acetylcholine is for
arousal pathways in sleep (and REM sleep) learning pathways neuromuscular junction autonomic ganglia
74
Acetylcholine receptors
Nicotinic (ionotropic) | Muscarinic (metabotropic)
75
catecholamine are for
emotional arousal and the initiation of movement
76
DA receptors
D-2 and D-1
77
Catecholamine receptor
Adrenergic
78
botoxin
lowers acetylcholine | freezes muscles
79
VMAT
replaces catecholamines from cytoplasm
80
MAO
involved in metabolizing Catecholamines
81
GABA's role in DA release
GABA inhibits DA so is GABA is up DA is down
82
Tyrosine is converted to L-Dopa by:
Tyrosine hydroxylase
83
L-Dopa is converted to DA from:
Dopa Decarboxylase
84
Three pathways of DA
can be packaged into vesicles can be turned into melanin can be turned into Dopal
85
DA is converted to Dopal by:
monoamine oxylase (MAO)
86
Dopal is converted to Dopac by:
aldehyde dehyrdrogenase
87
D2 receptors
biomarkers of DA | when DA is up they go up same with down
88
agonist
increase effect of drug
89
antagonist
decrease effect of drug
90
Native american were found using which drug?
tabacoo and peyote
91
Pilgrims used which drug?
alcohol
92
which drug was used during the civil war?
morphine
93
tonics had____in them in the 1800-1900s
cocain, opium
94
great britain's prohibition was called
temperance movement
95
what was done to try to stop drug use?
taxes were imposed and laws were created
96
opium wars
GB taking opium to china china made bc of addiction GB won and got hong kong
97
drug use in 1920
marijuana (bc of prohibition)
98
drug use in 1914
cocain in tonics
99
Drug use in 1930
amphetimines to treat depression
100
drug use in 1950
tranquilizers and inhalants
101
drug use in 1960
LSD and hallucinogens
102
drug use in 1970 (nam war)
heroin
103
drug use in 1980s
cocain
104
where does morphine get its name?
morpheus god of sleep
105
MDMA is also known as
Ecstacy
106
Crack down in SF
on opium dens run by chinese men
107
pure food an drug act
mostly to regulate opiate pain killers
108
harrison narcotics tax act
to regulate opiates. Docs can only prescribe or med use. increased heroin use
109
Alcohol Prohibition
``` 18th amendment repealed by 21st amendment cause rise in marijuana liver disease went down mostly started by women's christian temperance union ```
110
Since prohibition
crackdown on marijuana regulation on OH sales fed bureau of narcotics controlled Substances Act: passed in 1970
111
DEA Scheduled drugs
1: high potential for abuse, no med use 2: high pot for abuse, accepte med use, can lead to severee psych or phys dependence 3: not so abused, med use, low chance of dependence 4: low abuse low dependence med use 5: limited amounts of narcotics
112
Schedule 1 drugs
``` heroin marijuana peyote hash LSD ```
113
schedule 2 dugs
``` opium morphine ritalin cocain oxycodone ```
114
schedule 3 drugs
meds with codeine vicodan ketamine
115
schedule 4 drugs
xanax valium these are antianxiety drugs
116
schedule 5 drugs
robitussin
117
drug compartmentalization
get trapped and then can't go to site of action. ions prone to this
118
which drug is metabolized he fastest? the slowest?
OH is the fastest Marijuana is the slowest OH>cocain>opiates>marijuana

Drugs (8 decks)

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